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REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA 



SPEECH 

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 
RELATIVE TO CERTAIN REMEDIES AND PRE- 
VENTIVES FOR HOG CHOLERA 
ON JANUARY 26, 1914 



By 

HON. WILLIAM S. KENYON 

SENATOR FROM IOWA 




PRESENTED BY MR. NORRIS 
June 4, 1914,— Ordered to be printed 



WASHINGTON 
1914 







0. OF 0, 

JUN 11 (914 






EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



SPEECH OF HON. WILLIAM S. KENYON. OF IOWA, IN THE SENATE 
OF THE UNITED STATES, MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1914. 

The Senate had under cousideration the bill (S. 3439) appropriatiug fuuds 
for the purpose of providing and administering remedies for hog cholera. 

Mr. Kenyon. Mr. President, I do not want to take very much time, 
and what I say is somewhat supplemental to what the Senator from 
Ohio [Mr. Pomerene] has said. But at the same tune, I do not want 
to offer any apology for taking a little of the time of the Senate in 
presenting the case of the American farmer on this subject. 

I read an article in an Ohio paper a few days ago stating that Sen- 
ators Pomerene and Kenyon would introduce their bill to abolish 
hog cholera in the United States Senate on next Thursday." I never 
knew just what was the matter with the Senate; the paper, I judge, 
is wrong. 

The Washington Times had an editorial on this subject that is 
very good. I wish to make it a part of my remarks, and am going 
to ask to have it read by the Secretary at the desk. It states the 
wihole thing, I think, in a nutshell, although the figures as to the 
appropriation are wrong. 

The Presiding Officer (Mr. Vardaman in the chair). Without ob- 
jection, the Secretary will read as requested. 

(The Secretary read as follows:) 

[Washington Times, .January 17, 1914.] 
JUST PLAIN COMMON SENSE. 

Out in Ohio tliey are starting a sort of national campaign for the extinction 
of hog cholera, and they want the cooperation of Congress and the State legis- 
latures. Of coui'se, there will never be so much appeal to the imagination in 
such a commonplace proceeding as there would in something less specific or prac- 
tical ; but it would be a fine thing if some such simple, common-sense things 
could be taken up and put into execution. 

We are worrying about the increasing co.st and decreasing supplies of meat. 
No wonder. Hog cholera alone takes enough meat every year to account for the 
whole annual discrepancy. But that is not all it does. It is not even the 
worst it does. 

The farmer who raised a drove of hogs right up close to the finishing and 
marketing point, putting his year's corn crop into them, and who then, late in 
the fall, when he hns plans matured for spending the money they are going to 
bring in, sees them die on his hands, is losing something more than that drove 
of hogs. 

He loses confidence in the hog-raising industry. 

It takes more persistence and pertinacity than most men possess to turn 
right around after a calamity like that and raise another drove of hogs. The 
man who suffers from the visitation of cholera is very likely not to have left 
even the basis on which to begin producing a new herd ; he is pretty certain, 
in any case, not to retain much enthusiasm about doing it. 

O 



4 KEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Therefore it is commou experience that the farmer who this year loses 50 
hogs will probably in the next two or three years produce 200 fewer hogs than 
he would but for' this present loss. That is to say. if hog cholera takes $100,- 
000.000 worth of hogs a year, as some of the statisticians say, it prevents the 
raising of two or three times that much more. And that means the difference 
between adequate and inadequate meat supplies for the country. 

The fact is that if hog cholera could be abolished by an executive decree, the 
United States would in two years be restored to its old place as the greatest 
meat-exporting country in the world. To-day our exports are practically wiped 
out. 

Senator Kenyon some time ago introduced a bill to appropriate $5,000,000 for 
the conduct of the Agricultural Department's campaign to eradicate hog cholera. 
It should be understood that eradication is no chimera. Remedies have been 
developed, methods devised, that in time, backed by enough money and author- 
ity, would well-nigh exterminate the germs of the disease. But there can be 
no general results without those two things — money and rigorous authority. 

Probably the world has got wise and liberal enough by this time to assure 
that such "a measure as this would not l)e defeated with the sneering suggestion 
that it was " giving the farmer a few more millions." It is not more than nomi- 
nally a service to the farmer. The farmer can do a lot of other things aside 
from raising hogs. Just at present, with corn worth around 70 cents, it is hard 
enough to keep the farmer convinced that it is worth while to turn the corn 
into meat. It takes a good deal less work and risk to haul the corn to town 
and sell it. What the country needs is means to keep the farmer in the mind 
of raising hogs, and the thing that would encourage him more than anything 
else would be the assurance that his chance of loss by cholera was going to be 
reduced year by year. 

An appropriation for the stamping out of cholera would be an appropriation 
to do the most practical work possible in the direction of increasing the national 
meat supply. 

Mr. Ejenyon, I think possibly that that editorial states the situa- 
tion better than I can, but I am so intensely interested in this question 
and it so affects my State that I wish to present a few facts in rela- 
tion to it. 

The question of the high cost of living is one that is interesting 
everybody and to which the people are giving a very deep study. 
While it may not seem to comport with tlie dignity of this body to 
discuss hog cholera, yet the losses from hog cholera have been so 
appalling in this country that it has become a subject which must 
attract the attention of the National Congress. It has gone beyond 
all State lines and becomes a national problem, and it is an important 
problem to the great industry of agriculture, which produced last 
year farm products exceeding $6,000,000,000 in value. 

This proposition also is a great economic proposition. It goes to 
the question of the cost of living. It goes to the question of some- 
thing to eat for the people, and that is just as important as any 
Alaskan railway or any Mexican question or any tariff or currency 
question. 

As suggested by the Senator from Ohio [Mr. Pomerene] , I do not 
believe that Members of Congress appreciate what a tremendous loss 
there has been in this country due to hog cholera. We have a great 
interest in the farmers of this country, especially at election times, 
but if we have that devoted interest to the farmer we have a chance 
in helping him now to show what that interest really is. 

Prof. Kennedy, of the agricultural college at Ames, in my State, 
made a statement relating to the loss of hogs from cholera during the 
year 1912 which is rather astounding. He said : 

The national hog-cholera loss last year was 900.000.0(X) or 1,000,000.000 pounds 
of meat. This was 10 pounds per capita. Iowa's loss was 150,000,000 pounds, 
or G2 pounds per person, and was more this year. 



REMEDIES FOB HOG CHOLERA. 5 

He further stated that — 

Iowa's loss this year would be $20,000,000. * * * jt is a great feature in 
the high cost of living, and I am for liberal Federal aid in the elimination of 
hog cholera. 

On yesterday I received a letter from Prof. Kennedy in which he 
placed the loss for the year 1913 as rather high. He says he sent 
out letters to every bank cashier in towns of 10,000, and in relation 
to it he received 1,120 replies. 

By actual count — 

He says^ — 

Dallas County — 

One of the counties in our State — 

this year lost about 20,000 head, or about 16§ per cent. The data which we 
gathered would indicate about 17 per cent loss, so you can see that our reports 
are fairly accurate. I think it is putting it very low to say that the farmers of 
Iowa, during 1913, lost at least $30,000,000 through hog cholera. 

I think that is too high, but he estimates three sources of loss. 
One is the direct loss from the hogs which die — 

Which in this country would amount to 10 pounds of meat for 
every man, woman, and child — 

Second, the direct loss from the marketing of pigs in a half-fat condition, 
thus sold at a sacrifice; third, the indirect loss to the cattle feeder, who loses 
a considerable amount of his feed by not having the hogs to follow his cattle. 

I am going to discuss that in a moment as one of the matters enter- 
ing vitally into the cause of the high cost of living. I shall ask per- 
mission to make this letter a part of my remarks. 

The Presiding Officer. Without objection, it is so ordered. 

(The letter referred to is as follows:) 

Ames. Iowa, January 19. 19 IJ/. 
Senator W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. G. 

Dear Senator Kenyon : Under separate cover I am sending you a hog-cholera 
rei)ort for the year 1913. This data was collected by the agricultural extension 
department in order that we might ascertain so far as possible the loss from 
hog cholera during the year 1913, also to have a comparison of 1913 with 1912. 
In order to get this data I sent out letters to every bank cashier in towns of 
10,000 and under, asking them three questions: First, what was the percentage 
of hogs which died from hog cholera in their vicinity during the year 1913; 
second, what percentage of the hogs were marketed early — say, weighing be- 
tween 50 and 150 pounds — due to the hog-cholera scare; third, how the loss 
compared with that of 1912. 

We have received 1,120 replies, representing every county in Iowa. I have 
the data tabulated in the report which I am sending you. I believe that the 
number of hogs stated in the different counties is too low. For instance, in 
Dallas County the report shows 93,852 head. A farm-to-farm canvass made by 
our department for the United States Department of Agriculture, in connection 
with this hog-cholera work there this year, showed that there were 120,000 
head of hogs in Dallas County. By actual count Dallas County this year lost 
about 20.000 head, or about 16S per cent. The data which we gathered would 
Indicate about 17 per cent loss; so you can see that our reports are fairly 
accurate. I think it is putting it very low to say that the farmers of Iowa 
during 1913 lost at least $30,000,000 through hog cholera. 

There are three sources of loss; One is the direct loss from the hogs which 
die; second, the direct loss from the marketing of pigs in a half-fat condition, 
thus sold at a sacrifice; third, the indirect loss to the cattle feeder, who loses 
a considerable amount of his feed by not having the hogs to follow his cattle. 



6 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

I assure you that this is an important subject in Iowa. In my judgment, you 
can do our people a great deal of good by having a law passed demanding Fed- 
eral testing of every drop of serum made in the commercial plants. This, in 
my judgment, is the first step in the hog-cholera work. Every man with 
whom I have talked feels that this is the case. I assure you that we will be 
glad to help you in any way possible. I am, 

Very truly, yours, W. J. Kennedy. 

Mr. Kenyon. In going over the records of hog losses in this 
countr}', and after consultation with the Bureau of Animal Industry 
on the subject, I learn that practically 90 per cent of all losses of 
swine that occur each year are due to a disease known as hog 
cholera, and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the loss is ap- 
palling, and it is certainly time for us to provide some means for the 
eradication of the disease, if such a thing is possible. I do not know 
just what is best. We can only judge of that by the experts of the 
Agricultural Department and tlie farmers, but I am in favor of a 
large aj^propriation being placed at the disposal of the Department 
of Agriculture for tliem to use in such way as they deem fit. 

We have placed $40,000,000 practically in the hands of the Presi- 
dent of the United States to build railroads in Alaska. This propo- 
sition is far more important than any railroad in Alaska, and the 
losses of one year, if saved, would build three times the amount of 
railroad we are going to construct in Alaska. 

So we can likewise have confidence in the Secretary of Agriculture 
to use this money wisely and to accomplish the purposes intended. 

Hog cholera made its first appearance in this country in the State 
of Ohio, brought in by the importation from some foreign countries 
of blooded stock, and as Ohio has that unpleasant distinction, it now 
has the better distinction of being the State that has appropriated 
more to help solve this problem than any other State in the Union, 
having appropriated $100,000 for a serum plant — ^more money than 
the Government has appropriated in the last 10 years on this question. 

This disease has gradually extended throughout the country until 
now there is scarcely a State in the Union free from its ravages. 
Transportation lines have unwittingly and unknowingly helped to 
carry this disease by the fact that cars were not properly cleaned 
and fumigated. If no method is found to check this disease the 
farmers will cease to raise hogs, as a farmer will not run the 
risk of having the herd which represents his time and represents his 
crop absolutely wiped away in a week or ten days by this scourge. 
If the farmer does that, the cost of living is going up to a point where 
even our Democratic friends can not explain it. 

I have prepared a map showing the losses in the various States 
from hog cholera in the year 1912. It shows the money expended 
by the various States in fighting the disease, the number of swine 
raised in those various States, and the recojnmendatitin of those 
various States as to the governmental appropriation. I want to 
call the attention of the Senate to just a few of the statements. This 
is not a northern matter entirely. 

I have had letters from experts from the State of Georgia stat- 
ing that the question is becoming a live one in the State of Georgia. 
During the year 1913 the State of Georgia lost 165 out of every 
thousand hogs. In the year previous the loss was 90 out of every 
thousand. So the loss in Georgia in one year's time increased nearly 
100 per cent. 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 7 

In the State of Florida in 1913 the loss was 170 out of every 
thousand. The previous year the loss was 100 out of every thousand, 
an increase of 70 per cent in the State of Florida. 

In the State of Alabama in 1913 the loss was 110 out of every 
thousand. In the previous year the loss was 65 out of every thou- 
sand, showing an increase of nearly 100 per cent in the State of 
Alabama. 

In the State of Louisiana in 1913 the loss was 110 out of every 
thousand. In the previous year it was 100. 

In the State of Arkansas in 1913 the loss was 160 out of every 
thousand. In the previous year 140. 

Mississippi lost 154 out of every thousand in 1913. In the pre- 
vious year in Mississippi the loss was 75 to a thousand, an increase 
in loss of over 100 per cent. 

Taking the States of the far West as indicated on the map 

Mr. Overman. Has the Senator the statistics for North Carolina? 

Mr. Ken YON. I have the statistics here for North Carolina. For 
the year ending January 1, 1913, North Carolina lost 69,687 hogs 
to the value of $536,589. Colorado in 1913 lost 100 out of each 
thousand. The loss of the previous year in Colorado was 20 out 
of each thousand, being an increase of 500 per cent in the State of 
Colorado. 

Mr, Brady. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Idaho? 

Mr. Ken YON. I do. 

Mr. Brady. Has the Senator any information as to the loss in 
1913? 

Mr. Ken YON. I have it for my own State, and I have statistics as 
to the year ending March 31, 1913. I have no figures later than that. 

Mr. Brady. I notice that the loss to Idaho in 1912, according to 
the figures on the map, was something over 7,000. The loss probably 
was several times as great the past year. 

Mr. Kenyon. I am satisfied that is true. 

Mr. Brady. I wondered whether the Senator has the exact figures. 

Mr. Kenyon. I have not, but judging from the increase in our 
own State the loss in Idaho must have increased that much. 

The State of Indiana in 1912 lost 150 out of each thousand; Illi- 
nois, 140 out of each thousand; Nebraska, 110; Kansas, 120; Mis- 
souri, 175 out of each thousand, nearly one-fifth of all the swine 
w^ithin the borders of that State. The loss in Missouri has been more 
in proportion, slightly so, to the number of swine than in any other 
State for the year 1912, but the Government is making experiments 
now in Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa. Iowa lost 160 out of each 
thousand. The previous year the loss was 80, which showed an in- 
crease of 100 per cent. 

I desire to have inserted in the Record this statement of the con- 
dition of hogs April 1, and the estimated loss during the year end- 
ing March 31, 1913, from which I have just read. It is the latest, 
I will say to the Senator from Idaho, I have. These figures were 
obtained from the crop reports for 1913, and I wish to make them a 
part of my remarks. 

The Presiding Officer. If there is no objection, it will be so 
ordered. 



KEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 



(The matter referred to is as follows:) 

Condition of hogs Apr. 1 and estimated losses during the year ending Mar. 31, 

1913, with comparisons. 





Losses from disease. 


Condition Apr. 1. 


Breed- 
ing 
sows. ■ 


state and division. 


19131 


19121 


10-year 
aver- 
age.i 


Number. 


1913 


1912 


10-year 
aver- 
age. 




Pr. ct. 

28 
25 
19 
40 
25 
30 
30 
40 
43 


Pr. ct. 

15 
20 
39 
35 

18 
48 
29 
40 
37 


Pr. ct. 
14 
17 
20 
22 
21 
26 
22 
28 
29 


2,828 
1,300 
2,033 
4,600 
350 
1,740 

22,830 
6,400 

48, 590 


Pr. ct. 

97 
95 
99 
95 
97 
97 
98 
97 
96 


Pr. ct. 
98 
98 
99 
96 
97 
98 
96 
95 
93 


Pr. ct. 

98 
98 
99 
98 
98 
99 
98 
97 
96 


Pr. ct. 
95 


New Hampshire 


93 




98 




94 


Rhode Island 


93 


Connecticut 


97 


New York 


95 


New Jersey . . .... 


96 




95 






North Atlantic 


36.3 


33.7 


25.0 


90, 671 


96.8 


94.9 


97.2 


95.1 






Delaware .... 


50 
90 

48 
73 
58 
75 
165 
170 


80 
75 
40 
41 
44 
60 
90 
100 


47 
37 
45 
32 
60 
60 
66 
79 


2,900 
30, 150 
40, 128 
25, 988 
77, 430 
57,375 
311,520 
149, 260 


92 
94 
95 
94 
94 
90 
92 
92 


92 
91 
92 
94 
94 
90 
90 
92 


94 
95 
95 
95 
94 
94 
94 
93 


97 




94 


Virginia . 


98 


West Virginia . . 


100 


North Carolina 


98 


South Carolina 


97 




91 


Florida . . 


91 






South Atlantic 


107.7 


68.8 


57.5 


694,761 


92.8 


91.6 


94.2 


94.7 






Ohio 


86 
150 
140 

40 

28 


70 
125 
215 

40 

28 


46 
68 
71 
31 
24 


292,314 

556,350 

604, 100 

52,520 

56,840 


94 
89 
91 
94 
96 


90. 
88 
85 
95 
97 


95 
94 
95 
96 
96 


100 


Indiana 


95 


Illinois 


108 


Michigan 


96 


Wisconsin 


99 






North Central east Missis- 
sippi River 


105.8 


118.9 


55.6 


1,562,124 


92.1 


89.4 


95.0 


100.2 






Minnesota 


55 
160 
175 
20 
38 
110 
120 


30 
80 

160 
15 
38 
60 

132 


30 
54 

74 
17 
54 
63 
50 


93,610 

1,395,200 

715,225 

7,320 

44,878 
417,780 
313,320 


96 
89 
84 
9S 
95 
93 
91 


97 
91 

82 
98 
96 
94 

84 


97 
96 
93 
98 
96 
96 
94 


105 


Iowa 


95 


Missouri 


101 


North Dakota 


105 


South Dakota 


107 


Nebraska 


101 


Kansas 


119 






North Central west Missis- 
sippi River 


133.0 


90.9 


56.5 


2,987,333 


90.0 


89.8 


95.3 


101.2 






Kentucky 


95 
99 
110 
110 
45 
81 
160 
154 


70 
70 
65 
100 
34 
145 
140 
75 


60 
59 
60 
91 
37 
64 
92 
62 


155,610 
148, 005 
160, 160 
155,320 
112,185 
107,325 
244, 640 
228, 228 


90 

89 
92 
88 
94 
88 
87 
91 


89 
90 
92 
84 
90 
79 
84 
90 


93 
94 
94 
91 
95 
92 
90 
94 


94 


Tennessee 


90 


Alabama 


93 


Louisiana 


95 


Texas 


105 


Oklahoma 


120 


Arkansas 


95 


Mississippi 


90 






South Central 


102.2 


83.5 


60.4 


1,311,473 


90.2 


87.5 


93.2 


97.3 






Montana 


20 
15 
100 
27 
13 
24 
21 
37 
22 
30 
50 


19 
12 
20 
16 
12 
16 
24 
14 
22 
16 
25 


20 
18 
21 
19 
28 
20 
22 
17 
18 
17 
37 


3,060 

615 

20, 500 

1,404 

299 

1,944 

672 

8,621 

5,676 

8,040 

41,100 


97 
100 

94 
97 
98 
99 
98 
96 
98 
98 
97 


98 
99 
98 
95 
99 
98 
97 
99 
98 
99 
97 


98 
99 
98 
95 
95 
98 
98 
98 
98 
98 
97 


110 


Wyoming 


107 


Colorado 


100 


New Mexico 


Arizona 


105 
100 
101 
113 
106 
107 
97 


Utah 


Nevada 


Idaho 


Washington 


Oregon 


CaUfornia 




Far Western 


42.4 


20.6 


25.8 


91,931 


97.0 


97.8 


97.6 


102.4 




United States 


110.1 


89.2 


54.9 


6,738,283 


91.4 


89.9 


94.8 


99.1 





Loss by cholera in 1912, $60,000,000. 



• Losses per 1,000 head. 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



9 



Mr. Ken YON. I want also to place in the Record a table showing 
the estimated number, the average price, and the total value of swine 
in the United States January 1, 1913, with comparisons; also a table 
showing the estimated loss there given for the same year, I will not 
take the time to read these figures, but I should like to have the table 
printed. 

The PREsmiNG Officer. Without objection, the request will be 
granted. 

The tables referred to are as follows: 

Estimated numher, average price, and total value of swine in the United States 
Jan. 1, 1913, with comixirisons. 



state and division. 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . . 

Rhode Island 

Comiecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsvlvania 



North Atlantic. 



Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

West Virginia. . 
North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Geon?ia 

Florida 



South Atlantic. 



Ohio 

Indiana . . . 

Illinois 

Michigan . . 
Wisconsin . 



North Central east of 
Mississippi River . . . 



Number Jan. 1, 1913. 



Per 

cent.i 



Total. 



98.3 



93.5 



101,000 

52,000 

107, 000 

115,000 

14,000 

58, 000 

7t; 1,000 

K-.0, 000 

1,130,000 



Average price per head Jan. 1 . 



1913 



2,498,000 



58, 000 
3.35,000 
836,000 
35(1, 000 

1,335,000 
765, 000 

1 , 888, 000 
878, 000 



6,451,000 



Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota . 
South Dakota. 

Nebraska 

Kansas 



94.2 



North Central west of 
Mississippi River. . . 



Kentucky . 
Tennessee . . 
Alabama.. 
Mississippi . 
Louisiana . . 

Texas , 

Oklahoma. , 
Arkansas... 



South Central . 



Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New Mexico. 
Arizona 



100 
90 
91 
102 
107 
89 
93 



3,399,000 
3, 709, 000 
4,315,000 
1,313,000 
2,030,000 



$12. 90 
12.70 
12.20 
13. 00 
14.50 
14.00 
12. 60 
13.00 
12.50 



12.64 




S11.50 
10.50 
10.00 
11.30 
12.00 
11.60 
10.20 
11.30 
10.00 



10-year 
average. 



10. 32 

7.20 
8.00 
6. 30 
6.70 
7.40 
8.00 
6.70 
5.20 



7.50 



14,766,000 



1,702,000 
8,720,000 
4,087,000 
366,000 
1,181,000 
3,798,000 
2,611,000 



10.80 
9.80 
10.50 
10. 80 
11.60 



6.80 



10.57 



12.70 
12,00 
8.50 
13.70 
11.00 
11.40 
10.40 



22,465,000 



11.10 



93.4 

107 
95 
97 
103 
103 



1,638,000 
1,495,000 
1,4.56,000 
1,482,000 
1,412,000 
2,493,000 
1,325,000 
1,529,000 



12,830,000 

153,000 
41,000 

205,000 
52,000 
23,000 



7.10 
7.40 
0.80 
6.90 
7.00 
8.40 
8.90 
6.70 



8.20 
7.70 
8.80 
8.50 
9.00 



8.52 



$10. 10 
10.40 

9.10 
10.80 
11.40 
11.70 

9. 70 
11.10 

9.30 



Total value 

Jan. 1, 

1913. 



9.69 



8.30 
7.70 
5.70 
6.50 
5.90 
6. 40 
5.90 
3.90 



5.95 



7.80 
7.40 
8.20 
8.20 
8.80 



$1,303,000 

660,000 

1,305,000 

1,495,000 

203,000 

812,000 

9, .589, 000 

2,080,000 

14,125,000 



Average 
age when 
mar- 
keted.' 



31,572,000 



650, 000 
3,283,000 
5,8.52,000 
3,204,000 

10,280,000 
6,502,000 

13,405,000 
5,180,000 



48,356,000 



36,709,000 
36, 348, 000 
4.5,308,000 
14,180,000 
23, 54S, 000 



8.00 156,093,000 



10.40 
9.80 
7.00 

10.50 
8.90 
8.80 
7.90 



.90 



11.90 
11.00 
11.00 
9.60 
11.50 



5.40 
6.10 
6.50 
6.50 
5.80 
6.30 
5.50 
5.40 



5.95 



8.60 
6.30 
8.90 
8.50 
8.10 
7.60 



5.40 
5.50 
5.20 
5.10 
5.10 
5.60 
6.10 
4.30 




21,615,000 
104,640,000 
34,740,000 
5,014,000 
12,991,000 
43,297,000 
27,154,000 



249,451,000 



11,630,000 
11,063,000 

9,901,000 
10,226,000 

9,884,000 
20,941,000 
11,792,000 
10,244,000 



95,681,000 

1,821,000 
451,000 

2,255,000 
499,000 
264,000 



9.0 
9.0 
9.0 
9.8 
9.8 
9.5 
9.0 
10.0 
10.0 



9.6 



10.0 
10.0 
11.0 
11.6 
11.6 
12.5 
12.0 
13.0 



11.8 



9.5 
9.6 
10.0 
9.0 
9.1 



9.6 



10.0 
10.7 
10.7 
10.7 
10.5 
11.0 
10.5 



10.7 



10.5 
12.0 
13.0 
13.0 
15.0 
12.6 
12.0 
14.0 



12.7 



11.0 
12.0 
11.5 
11.4 
11.5 



■ Compared with Jan. 1, 1912. 



2 Months. 



10 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



Estimated numher, average price, and total value of swine in the United States 
Jan. 1, 1913, with comparisons— Continued. 





Number Jan. 1, 1913. 


Average price per head Jan. 1 . 


Total value 

Jan. I, 

1913. 


Average 
age when 


State and division. 


Per 
cent. 


Total. 


1913 


1912 


10-year 
average. 


mar- 
keted. 


Utah 


102 
105 
110 
105 
104 
99 


81,000 
32,000 
233,000 
258,000 
268,000 
822,000 


$11.00 
11.00 
10.30 
11.30 
9.50 
9.20 


$9.00 
10.50 
8.00 
9.50 
8.50 
8.30 


$8.20 
8.70 
7.60 
8.50 
7.00 
7.20 


$891,000 
352,000 
2,400,000 
2,915,000 
2,546,000 
7,562,000 


10.5 


Nevada 


10.5 


Idaho 


11.7 


Washington 


10.0 


Oregon 


11.1 


California 


13.8 






Far Western 


102.1 


2,168,000 


10.13 


8.60 


7.64 


21,956,000 


12.0 






United States 


93.5 


61,178,000 


9.86 


8.00 


7.2 8 


603,109,000 


11.0 



Estimated number of hogs lost from cholera — Average price per head- Jan. 1, 
1913 — Total monetary loss to each State. 



State and division. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania , 

North Atlantic 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida ' . . ' ' 

South Atlantic 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Micliigan 

Wisconsin 

North Central east of Mississippi River 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota .' .' 

South Dakota 

Nebraska [[ 

Kansas ]\ 

North Central west of Mississippi River 

Kentucky 

Tennessee '/_ 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas [[[\\.\\.\. 

Oklahoma 

Arkansas ■ ..... 

South Central 



Estimated 
loss of hogs 

from 
cholera for 
year end- 
ing Jan. 1, 
1913. 



2,545 
1,170 
1,829 
4,140 
315 
1,566 

20,547 
5,760 

43, 731 



Average 
prices 

per head 
Jan. 1, 
1913. 



81,403 



2,610 
27, 135 
36,115 
23,389 
69, 687 
51,637 
280,368 
134,334 



625,275 



263, 082 

500, 715 

543, 690 

47, 268 

51, 156 



1,405,911 



84,249 
1,255,680 
043, 702 
6, 588 
40, 390 
37,600 
281,988 



2,350,197 

140,049 
133,204 
144,144 
205,405 
139,788 
100,966 
96,592 
220, 176 



1,180,324 



$12. 90 
12.70 
12.20 
13.00 
14.50 
14.00 
12.60 
13.00 
12.50 



11.20 
9.80 
7.00 
9.00 
7.70 
8.50 
7.10 
5.90 



Monetary 

loss to each 

State. 



10.80 
9.80 
10.50 
10.80 
11.60 



12. 70 
12.00 
8.50 
13.70 
11.00 
11.40 
10.40 



7.10 
7.40 
6.80 
6.90 
7.00 
8.40 
8.90 
6.70 



$32, 830 
14,859 
22, 313 
53,820 
4,567 
21,924 

258, 892 
74,880 

546,637 



1,030,722 



29,232 
265, 923 
252,805 
210, 501 
536, 589 
438, 914 
1,990,612 
792, 570 



4,517,146 



2,841,285 

4,907,007 

5, 708, 745 

510, 494 

593,409 



14,560,940 



1,069,962 

15, 068, 160 

5,471,467 

90,255 

444,290 

428,640 

2, 932, 675 



25,505,449 




1,475,179 



8,539,006 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA, 11 

Estimated number of hogs lost from cholera, etc. — Continued. 



state and division. 



Estimated 
loss of hogs 

from 
cholera for 
year end- 
ing Jan. 1, 

1913. 



Average 
prices 

per head 

Jan. 1, 

1913. 



Monetary 

loss to each 

State. 



Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 

Far Western 

Total for United States 



2,754 

.553 

18, 450 

1,263 

269 

1,749 

604 

7,758 

5,108 

7,236 

36,990 



$11.90 
11.00 
11.00 
9.60 
11.50 
11.00 
11.00 
10.30 
11.30 
9.50 
9.20 



$.32, 772 

6,083 

202,950 

12,124 

3,093 

19,239 

6,644 

79,907 

57,720 

68,742 

340,308 



82,734 



829,582 



5,730,844 



54,982,825 



Mr. Kenyon. Those who have examined the map will notice that 
the great losses have been in what are known as the corn-producing 
States. Iowa has more hogs than any State in the Union — double 
the amount. Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio have been 
the chief losers, though Kansas has also been a very heavy loser. 

I wish to quote from the report of the committee of the United 
States Live Stock Sanitary Association on hog-cholera legislation. 
This report was submitted to the association December 2, 1913. and 
I read as folloAvs: 

In studying the conditions that existed in previous decades, and covering a 
period of about 40 years, tlie conmiittee finds tliat the losses from hog cholera 
have very probably averaged over $50,000,000 annually during these decades. 

In 1897 Dr. D. E. Salmon, then Chief of the United States Bureau of Animal 
Industry, states in the annual report of that bureau: "The losses (from hog 
cholera) have, however, been tremendous, being placed by some as high as 
$100,000,000 a year, an estimate which does not appear exaggerated in the light 
of the careful inquiries in the State of Iowa, from which it was concluded that 
this one State lost from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000 worth of swine in a single 
year." 

FINANCIAL LOSS TKEMENDOUS. 

Since this loss is a regular annual occurrence, its meaning can best be brought 
to us by looking upon it as the lost interest on a permanent investment. It 
would require an investment of $1.2.50,000,000, at 4 per cent, to yield $50,000,000, 
and since this loss has been going on for at least 40 years, the total loss has 
already exceeded $2,000,000,000. or. with compound interest, to more than twice 
the hypothetical investment of $1,250,000,000 referred to. IMeasured in the value 
of the finished product (pork), these figures would practically be doubled. 

The money involved in these losses would build a transcontinental railroad — 

This is a report of this committee — 

at $10,000 a mile, through the United States every year, or it would support, on 
a million-dollar-a-year-iucome basis, a great university and agricultural experi- 
ment station for each State in the Union, and half a dozen extra unversities for 
such States as need them. 
With these figures before us — 

Says this report — 

and the problem of the high cost of living staring us constantly in the face, how 
many questions are of greater economic importance than that of the control of 
hog cholera for the prevention of these enormous losses? 



12 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



Now, mind you, the statement of Dr. D. E. Salmon, dates back to 
the year 1897, and this great loss has been going on ever since that 
time, and I am credibly informed that the loss in Iowa for the year 
1913 will be something like $20,000,000, and that our neighboring 
State of Missouri will suffer a loss of something like $10,000,000 for 
the same year. 

I have heretofore stated that Prof. Kennedv estimated the loss in 
our State for 1913 at $30,000,000. 

Mr. Warren, ^¥hsit date was that? 

Mr. Kenyon. This report is December 2, 1913. 

Mr. Warren. How far back does it go? 

Mr. Kenyon. It goes back some years. 

Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, are also great sufferers, but, as is shown by 
the map, the balance of the States of the Union have also suffered 
very materially. It is safe to assume that the losses from hog chol- 
era during the year 1913 have been close to $100,000,000. It would 
seem where such great economic waste was going on that entered not 
only into the prosperity of our agricultural classes but into the seri- 
ous problem of the cost of living that Congress would be willing to 
do everything in its power to help eradicate this disease. There 
should be cooperation between the States and the Federal Govern- 
ment. I want to put into the Record the figures showing the amount 
of money expended by the United States Department of Agriculture 
in the study of hog-cholera cures and also the amounts that have been 
expended for the eradication of the boll Aveevil. 

The American hog has not had his day in Congress, but the enemies 
of boll weevil have had theirs. The prevention of the devastation 
of the boll weevil has been looked after as best we could. It is now 
time to pay some attention to the American hog. I desire to insert 
in the Record a statement of the moneys expended by the United 
States Department of Agriculture in the study of hog cholera. Prior 
to 1887 the expenditures were not classified in detail, but I will put 
them in as best I can. The statement which I desire to be made a 
part of the Record, without reading, shows that sums amounting to 
about $-229,418.39 have been expended by the bureau from 1899 to 
1913, inclusive; $89,501.32 was expended during the 10-year period 
from 1904 to 1913, indicating an average expenditure on hog cholera 
for the last 10 years of $8,956.43 per year. I ask that this statement 
be inserted in the Record without reading. 

The Presiding Officer. If there be no objection, it will be so 
ordered. The Chair hears none. 

(The statement referred to is as follows:) 



1887 Not segregated. 

1888 Not segregated. 

1889 $14, 844. 71 

1890 5, 543. 68 

1891 G, 897. 20 

1892 6, 916. 38 

1893 5, 774. 13 

1894 5. 023. 05 

1895 Not segregated. 

1896 Not segregated. 

1897 Not segregated. 

1898 17, 123. 54 

1899 17, 787. 29 

1900 27, 647. 91 



1901 $14, 3.3.3. 39 

1902 9, 751. 26 

1903 8, 411. 32 

1904 8, 345. 12 

1905 ,5, 920. 20 

1906 4, 597. 63 

1907 7, ,567. 86 

1908 ]0, 061. 99 

1909 5, 308. 76 

1910 10, 339. 82 

1911 12.219.40 

1912 12, 005. 60 

1913 13, 198. 06 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 13 

Mr. Kenyon. That is what the Government has done per year in 
the last 10 years to assist in blotting out the ravages of hog cholera. 
That is an insignificant sum. On the other hand, Congress has 
appropriated year after year hundreds of thousands of dollars to 
purchase garden seed for free distribution by JMembers of Congress. 
The seed purchased for this purpose have cost this Government many 
more hundreds of thousands of dollars, and if the money that has 
been spent in garden seed had been spent for the eradication of hog 
cholera we would not have had the situation which to-day exists. So 
I am merely pleading for less '' pork barrel " and more pork meat. 

Mr. Jones. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Washington? 

Mr. Kenyox. Yes. 

Mr. Jones. Can the Senator from Iowa give us any idea as to what 
has actually been accomplished? 

Mr. Kenyon. I am going to try to do so. 

Mr. Jones. Will the Senator further on state what has been spent 
by each State? 

Mr. Kenyon. Yes. 

Mr. Jones. Very well. 

Mr. Kenyon. I will say to the Senator that the map hanging on 
the wall of the Chamber shows the amount the States have expended 
at serum plants and for the building of such plants. 

Mr. Jones. But it does not show what has been expended on experi- 
ments and investigations to determine what ought to be done? 

Mr. Kenyon. No. The legislatures have appropriated certain 
sums that have been used for experiments in different States. 

Mr. Jones. Has the Senator any information which would enable 
him to tell us how much the States have actually expended? 

Mr. Kenyon. Yes. For the eradication of the boll weevil the Gov- 
ernment has spent in the last 10 years $2,133,9.51.80, while it has 
spent $89,564.32 for the suppression of hog cholera. In addition to 
that vast amount expended for the eradication of the boll weevil, 
Congress has made specific appropriations during the years from 
1905 to 1908. I am not criticizing those appropriations in any way ; 
they .went for a good purpose; I would have voted for them had I 
been here; but I merely desire to call the attention of the Senate to 
the small appropriation in comparison which has been made avail- 
able in the hog-cholera fight. 

The Department of Agriculture claims that in the year 1912. I 
think it was, the boll weevil caused a loss to the cotton crop in this 
country of about $20,000,000, and a conservative estimate of the 
loss during the last 10 j^ears would perhaps be $200,000,000. 

The purpose which the Senator from Ohio and myself have in 
mind in presenting these matters to the Senate is because the matter 
is now being discussed before the Committee on Agriculture, and we 
thought possibly we might have as large an attendance in the Senate 
as before the committee, and that, in any event, we would get these 
matters into the Eecord for thought. I want to assure the Senate 

Mr. Works. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from California? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 



14 KEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Mr. Works. So far as I have been able to see, the one important 
thing which should appeal to the Senate in dealing with this matter 
has not been touched by either the Senator from Ohio or the Senator 
from Iowa. 

Mr. Kenyon. I am not through; just give me an opportunity. 

The PREsroiNG Officer. Does the Senator fi^om Iowa yield further 
to the Senator from California? 

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly. 

Mr. Works. I shall certainly give the Senator all the time he de- 
sires, so far as I am individually concerned; but there has been a 
great deal of money expended by the Govermnent, according to the 
statement of the Senator from Iowa, and I should like to have the 
Senator show, if he can, what beneficial results have followed from 
the use of this serum. According to a statement of the Senator from 
Ohio [Mr. Pomerene], the loss of hogs has increased immensely dur- 
ing the four years that the serum has been in use. I do not know 
whether the Senator from Iowa has any figures or data that would 
cover that phase of the case. 

Mr. Kenyon. I have exactly ; I have a mass of data that I hesitate 
about using. I was going to put them into my remarks, but I hesitate 
about taking up the time of the Senate to do so. I wish, however, to 
sa}^ to the Senator that there is not any question of doubt in my mind 
that there are two sides to the proposition of the serum treatment. In 
our State we have lost thousands of dollars by bad serum. This 
serum business, like every other business, offers a fine field for the 
grafters; they have gone into it, and they have manufactured bad 
serum. We have had many losses from such serums. 

I am not taking the position at all that the serum treatment is abso- 
lutely and certainly a remedy, and I am not aligning myself on the 
side of the serum treatment nor against it. I say there is so much 
discussion, so much uncertainty, about the serum treatment that that 
in itself is an argument in favor of a large appropriation which the 
Secretary of Agriculture may use in further investigating the serum 
treatment and its results; and I expect to put into the Kecord some 
of the figures of Dr. Stange, of my State, who has charge of the 
plant at Ames, showing the actual result of the use of the serum that 
is manufactured there as to various herds. I also am going to place 
in the Record some letters denouncing the serum treatment in unmeas- 
ured terms, and contending that if Congress or the Secretary of 
Agriculture would absolutely stop all shipments of serum it would 
be better, and that the disease would be sooner eradicated. That is 
one of the uncertainties of this problem. I am, however, coming to 
the matters the Senator suggests in a few moments. I am glad if 
there is any question involved here that excites any interest at all. 

The other proposition that I laid down in commencing is the eco- 
nomic one in the movement, that this not only affects the agricul- 
tural classes of this country, who are entitled to consideration, but 
it affects the question of the high cost of living; and it is not only 
in the actual loss of the meat that the cost of living is affected, but 
this enters into the question of the production of beef cattle. We 
often hear the question asked, " Why has the beef production in the 
agricultural States of the Middle West fallen off so much during 
recent years? " One of the prime reasons, in my judgment, is this 
very thing — the ravages of hog cholera. 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 15 

A man who is a practical farmer, as I am, knows that the cattle 
industry and the profits therein are dependent to some extent upon 
the raising of hogs. The hogs follow the cattle; they eat from the 
cattle; they are practically no expense. The hogs are the profit of 
the farmer in cattle raising. If the farmer is to have a profit from 
his cattle, it is absolutely necessary for him to have hogs to follow 
with the cattle. With the great devastation of the herds by cholera, 
it would not be profitable for the farmer to engage in the stock-rais- 
ing business ; or, at least, a great many farmers would feel that they 
could not longer run this risk, as they have been doing, and hence 
many of them are selling their crops instead of feeding them to 
cattle. 

There have personally come to my attention instances where farm- 
ers have lost their entire herds of hogs, amounting in some instances 
to three or four hundred head. The farmers were feeding those 
swine along with their cattle, expecting to come out even on the cattle 
and to make some profit on the hogs; but with those losses going on, 
the farmer would become a bankrupt if he continued in the cattle- 
raising business. There would be thousands of farmers who would 
engage in stock raising if they could be reasonably assured that they 
would not lose their swine from this plague. 

Now, what can Congress do ? I realize that that is a very debata- 
ble question. It is the theoi*y of those who are proposing liberal ap- 
propriations that there must be cooperation between the States and 
the Federal Government in eradicating the plague. There is an- 
other step that must be taken. The complaint has been made of the 
shipment of quack serums into the various States, which have been 
used by the farmers to the destruction of their herds, and it is esti- 
mated that the farmers in my State have spent hundreds of thou- 
sands of dollars within the year for fake serums. That has been 
the experience of other States. I hold in my hand a little article 
from Fargo, N. Dak., which is as follows : 

STUNG BY FAKE CHOLERA CURE — FARMERS OF NORTH DAKOTA ARE VICTIMS AND LOSE 

HOGS VALUED AT $500,000. 

Fargo, N. Dak., December 30. 
Farmers of North Dakota have paid more thaii $20,000 for fake serums 
advertised as preventives of hog cholera, according to the State food commis- 
sioner. Prof. D. F. Ladd, of the State agricultural college. Prof. Ladd esti- 
mated the loss to farmers through the death of animals from hog cholera in the 
last four months at more than $500,000. 

The rules of the Department of Agriculture with relation to this 
matter were not effective until July 1, 1913. I am inclined to think 
that if the rules of the Department of Agriculture were strictly 
enforced and they could adopt a rule under the act that has been 
passed providing for an inspection of every particle of serum before 
it is shipped in interstate commerce, it would meet the question to 
some extent; but money is needed for that very inspection. If the 
rules of the Department of Agriculture will not bring about the 
desired result with relation to fake serums, then we must have a law 
to prevent the shipment of these serums in interstate commerce until 
there has been a governmental inspection or a State inspection. I 
shall shortly introduce a bill covering this. The serum treatment 
has been a free field for the grafter, and there is no doubt that the 



16 EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

farmers have been deceived and robbed by fake serums. The serum 
treatment can not be successful if the serums are bad, and some way 
must be devised to carry out rigidly the rules of the Agricultural 
Department with reference to these serums, and the farmer must be 
protected against the faker and the grafter in the serum business. 
I do not mean to advocate the serum treatment, but, as suggested 
before, I do say that the confusion concerning it is an argument in 
favor of a liberal appropriation, so that the Department of Agricul- 
ture may pursue its investigations along this line. I am anxious to 
get at the facts. 

Dr. Dorset, Chief of the Biochemical Division of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, is the discoverer or inventor of hog-cholera serum. 
He has been assisted in this work by Dr. Chas. M. McBryde and 
W. B. Niles, and others have undoubtedly contributed thereto. 

Dr. Dorset defines hog cholera as follows : 

Hog cholera is a very contagious, highly fatal disease peculiar to swine, 
which causes the death of from forty to sixty millions of dollars worth of hogs 
ainiually. Hog cholera has no relation to any other disease of man or animals. 
It is caused by a minute germ that exists in the blood and body fluids of hogs 
sick of the disease. 

I am not going into the question of germs or other medical terms 
with relation to hog cholera, further than to say that the germ of 
hog cholera is classed with the *"' invisible microorganisms," and in 
this resi)ect it resembles those which bring about a number of other 
disease of animals and men, notabl}^ 3'ellow fever, contagious pleuro- 
pneumonia. South African horse sickness, and foot-and-mouth 
disease. Anything which tends to lower the health of the animal 
may be regarded as a predisposing cause, such as improper feeding, 
insanitary condition of hog lots, damp or cold sleeping places, filthy 
watering and food troughs. 

The above conditions can not produce hog cholera, but they can 
aid to a considerable extent, owing to the unhealthy condition of the 
hogs. However, it is necessary for a hog to contract one of the germs 
of cholera before it can be affected. The sick hog is the most danger- 
ous factor in the distribution of this disease. There are man}^ ways 
in which the disease can be carried to well herds. Dogs frequently 
carry the germ ; in fact, this is a very common way ; again, it can be 
carried by the turkey buzzard; also, by the common crow. I know of 
several instances where this bird had partaken of a meal from hogs 
which had died from the cholera, then carried the disease in this way 
into well herds on some other farm, where they chanced to light. I 
am also informed by reliable farmers that the disease can be carried 
downstream from herds which are affected above. I know of one 
instance where a whole herd was wiped out in this way. The disease 
can also be brought onto the farm by the purchase of new stock for 
breeding purposes. I recall such an instance, Avhere practically the 
entire herd was lost from such exposure. 

Of course, Mr. President, there is a great deal in the proposition 
that must rest with the farmer himself. Sanitary conditions, methods 
of feeding, and quarantine are matters that he should be instructed in 
through the agents sent out by the Department of Agriculture in 
their demonstration work. 

After hog cholera has been prevalent on a farm, the premises 
should be thoroughly fumigated in order to guard against new herds 



BEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 17 

becoming affected by reason of being placed in such pens and hog 
houses. A person can not be too careful in cleaning up his premises 
after the disease has once been stamped out, for, if great care is not 
exercised, it will again appear. Of course, the germ will die out in 
time, but it is impossible to give a stated period, as it varies in differ- 
ent sections of the countr}^ I understand that hard, freezing weather 
will kill the germ, but it is not advisable to place hogs in pens 
previously occupied by sick hogs until three or four months after the 
disease has disappeared. 

The majority of cases of cholera make their appearance in tlie 
early summer and fall. In Iowa it started in xeiy earl}" in the sum- 
mer last year, and I think this has been true for several years past, so 
far as Iowa and other Middle Western States are concerned. It has 
been shov>'n that the loss from hog cholera has been as high as 100 
per cent in some herds, while perhaps the average will run from 00 
to 80 per cent. In some instances the hog is worthless after having 
been affected with this disease, for the reason that he has become 
stunted. It is not best to place hogs recently recovered from hog 
cholera with a well herd, for in all probability the herd will become 
ifff'ected. Sick hogs should be kept from the well herd for several 
months, unless the well herd has had the serum treatment, which it 
IS claimed, will prevent the s])read of the disease in the herd. 

I am indebted for many of the facts with relation to hog cholera 
to Farmers' Bulletin No. 379, of the Department of Agriculture, 
which is a valuable bulletin for the farmer. 

I ask permission to insert at this point, without reading, a number 
of extracts from that bulletin w'hich may be of interest to the farmers 
who may read my remarks. 

The Presiding Officer. If there is no objection, the request will be 
granted. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 

PREDISPOSING CAUSES. 

While the specific cause of hog cholera is the minute microorganism or germ 
just referred to, there are many factors which may render a herd more sus- 
ceptible to the dise;ise. In general, anything which tends to lower the he;ilth 
of the animals may be regarded as a pre<lisposing cause. Among such predis- 
posing factors there may be mentioned improper feeding, an insanitary condi- 
tion of the hog lots, damp or cold sleeping i)]aces, and dirty drinking and feed- 
ing troughs. Of course, insanitary surroundings and poor feed can not in them- 
selves produce hog cholera, but they lower the vitality of hogs to such an ex- 
tent that they become comparatively easy victims of any disease-producing 
germs to which they are exposed. 

WAYS IN WHICH the hog-cholera germ reaches a herd. 

Although the conditions .just mentioned undoubtedly exert considerable in- 
fluence upon the relative resisting powers of hogs to hog cholera, the disease 
can be started in a herd only by introducing the germ which causes it. This 
germ is always present in the bodies of sick hogs, and is thrown off from them 
in large numbers in the feces and urine, thus contaminating the yards or pens 
in which sick hogs are kept. The most dangerous factor in spreading hog 
cholera is therefore the sick hog. but any agency which might serve to carry 
a particle of dirt from infected yards may be the means of starting an out- 
break of the disease. 

^ ^ * * * * * 

Aside from the danger of introducing infection through the hogs themselves 
it must be remembered that the germ of the disease, which as already stated is 

S. Doc. 489, 63-2 2 



18 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

influitc-simally siuall, ii:ay be transported iu a miaute particle of dirt ou the 
feet of attendauts or iieiglibors who have previously visiied farms where hog 
cholera exists. It may also be carried iu this way by dogs and by crows aud 
other birds. It has been claimed, and considerable proof has been brought to 
show it, that the disease may be carried downstream from herds which are 
affected above. It is therefore well to avoid placing hogs so that they will 
have access to streams which pass through other farms. As diseased hogs are 
frequently transjiorted by rail, it is quite possible for infection to be iuti'oduced 
into a farm by litter dropped from cars in transit, especially if hogs on the 
farm have access to the tracks. 

After hog cholera has visited a farm, the lots, hog houses, feeding troughs, 
and implements used for cleaning have naturally become contaminated with 
the germs of the disease, and if new stock is placed in such yards soon after 
these were occupied by sick hogs the new hogs are very likely to contract the 
disease, but if such yai'ds are left unoccupied the germs will die out after a 
while. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell with certainty just how long a 
time is required for these germs to die out, this uncertainty being due to the 
fact that conditions on different farms vary widely, and also because the 
weather conditions, which h;.ve an important intiuence upon the vitality of 
the hog-cholera germ, vary from time to time and in different sections of the 
country. In view of this uncertainty it is safest to wait as long as possible 
before placing new hogs in lots that have been infected. Such premises should 
not be restocked sooner than three months after the last hog has been removed. 
Before restocking, the premises should be cleaned and thoroughly disinfected 
in the manner described under the heading " General preventive measures." 



APPEARANCE OF A HOG AFTER DEATH FROM IIOG CHOLERA. 

In regard to the examination of hog carcasses on the farm, it may be well to 
state that while hog cholera is not communicable to man there is always danger 
of the hog being infected with other diseases, such as tuberculosis and anthrax, 
which are highly dangerous to man, and for this reason care should be exercised 
in examining carcasses of sick hogs, so as to avoid a cut or scratch on the hands, 
which might serve as a point for the inoculation of disease. 



SICKNESS CAUSED BY IMPROPER FP:EDING. 

Although hogs are fretiuently made sick by improjier feeding, there is rarely 
any cause for mistaking such illness for hog cholera, the only trouble of this 
character which is likely to give rise to confusion being in the case of swill- 
fed hogs. Dr. V. A. Moore has reported a disease among swill-fed hogs which 
closely resembled hog cholera aud which was directly traceable to the jn-esence 
of powdered soaps iu the slops. Some of these soaps contain a large amount 
of alkali, and when mixed with the garbage used for feeding hogs will bring 
about lesious in the internal organs which are very similar to those seen in hog 
cholera. In most cases it will probably not be difficult to distinguish such a dis- 
ease from hog cholera, especially if the mode of feeding be considered. If the 
illness is due to the presence of alkali iu the swill, a change of food should 
result in a prompt improvement iu the condition of the aniiuals. If this does 
not occur, then, of course, hog cholera or some other germ disease should be at 
♦lUce suspected. 

Mr. Kenyon. Mr. President, the Department of Agriculture took 
up the study of hog cholera in 1878 more in an experimental way 
than anything else, but that information is now obsolete in view of 
the discoveries of recent years. The department, however, has had 
a very small amount of money to use. In 1878 there was an appro- 
priation of $10,000 for investigating diseases of swine and also con- 
tagious diseases of domestic animals. This appropriation was re- 
newed from year to year, and some scientists investigated the disease, 
but with little good result. Laboratories during the period from 1878 
to 1885 were established in the department and the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry was organized. The early work consisted, for the most 



REMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 19 

part, in a study of the distribution, classification, and mode of trans- 
mission of swine diseases, supplemented by laboratory investigations 
looking to the cause of the disease. The result of these investigations 
led to the suggestion of quarantine and disinfection as a preventive. 
While these examinations and experiments were as to domestic ani- 
mals in general, in the year 188."), after an exhaustive investigation, 
announcement Avas made by the department that one of the great 
causes of loss among swine was a contagious disease known as 
hog cholera, caused by a motile bacterium, which was named the 
hog-cholera bacillus. The Bureau of Animal Industry then com- 
menced a long series of investigations, which had for their object the 
development of a method of treatment of hog cholera. These investi- 
gations were based on the theory that hog-cholera bacillus Avas the 
cause of the disease, therefore that microorganism was used for the 
production of vaccines and serums. 

However, after much study it Avas found that this experiment Avas 
a failure, although at ditferent times it Avas thought that a cure for 
this disease had been discovered; but after exhaustive experiments 
where horses and other animals were inoculated Avith hog-choiera 
bacillus in order to secure a serum for the treatment of hogs with 
cliolera it Avas discovered that the serum taken from these animals 
A\ould not effect a cure, although for a time the department Avas very 
much encouraged, but after a field demonstration covering a period 
of some four years they came to the conclusion that the serum Avould 
not answer the purpose for Avhich it Avas intended. 

The failure of these tests to cure hog cholera, and the further fact 
that hogs recovering from this disease Avere always immune there- 
after, led the bureau to believe that perhaps, after all, they did not 
fully understand the cause of the disease. At that time they came 
to the conclusion that in all prol)abilitv the hog-cholera bacillus Avas 
not the only factor Avhich caused this disease, so the department de- 
cided to make further experiments. In the year 1903 tliere Avas dis- 
covered a fatal disease of sAvine in the State of loAva Avhicli could not 
apparently be distinguished from hog cholera. This disease Avas 
caused by an invisible microorganism, which the experts of the de- 
partment claimed existed in the blood and fluids of sick hogs. It was 
further discovered that this germ Avas so minute that it could not be 
found by the highest poAvers of the microscope to be had at that time. 

When this disease was first discovered in the State of loAva, upon 
CJ'.j-eful investigation it Avas found that this invisible microorganism 
AA'as identified with all outbreaks of hog cholera, and the department 
came to the conclusion that the failure of all their earlier atteiiipts 
to secure an effective serum Avas due to the fact that they had failed 
to take this invisible microorganism into account. The department 
spent considerable time after the discovery of this disease in trying 
to arrive at the true cause of hog cholera and the relationship of hog- 
cholera baciJhis to hotr cholera, as Avell as to the extent of this new 
disease found in the State of loAva and its relation to hog cholera. 
The bureau carried on exhaustive investigations and considered the 
disease in all its phases. These experiments Avere considered of vast 
importance, and the conclusions, in brief, are as foUoAvs: 

1. Hog cholera is eansed by an invisible inicroor.ijrmisui wliieh (^xists in the 
blooil and other body fluids of sick hogs. 

2. The so-called "hog-cholera bacillus" is not the cnusp of hog cbo'era, and 
at the most is merely au accessory factor in the disease. 



20 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

3. Hoss tbat recover frcm hot; cholera are thereafter iuiimine. Ho.ss that 
recover from artificial infection with the invisible virus are rendered inimune 
against the natural disease, whereas infection with the hot^-eho era bacillus does 
net confer immunity against hog cholera. 

The bureau deemed the above iiive-stigation of the utmost import- 
ance, for it opened the way for the production of efficient methods for 
the treatment of the disease, and it had also shown where the depart- 
ment liad failed in their earlier attempts to control the disease. 

The investigations and experiments carried on by the bureau and 
the conclusions reached relative to the treatment of hog cholera have 
been confirmed by experts in this disease in foreign countries where 
hog cholera exists. 

During the year lOO.") the bureau started experiments with the view 
of using the hogs themselves as a soiu'ce of protective serum, and 
toward the close of the year it was demonstrated to the entii-e satis- 
faction of the bureau that hogs could lie protected from hog cholera 
by the following method : 

A hog which is innnune against hog cholera, eirher naturally or as a result 
of an tittack (»f the disease, is injected with large amounts of blood taken from 
a iiig sick of hog cholera. This injection when jiroperly performed does no 
material harm to the innntnie. Within a week or 10 days blood is drawn from 
the immune hog, and this blood after defibrination is used to protect susceptible 
pigs. 

It was not possible to make many tests during the year 190."), but 
they were carried on during the year IDOG and proved to the entire 
satisfaction of the department that they had discovered a remedy 
that wotdd prevent hog cholera. It was deemed important that this 
discovery should be protected by a United States patent, for the 
method had been discovered in the Government laboratories, and this 
would insure its use to all citizens of this country under certain 
restrictions laid doAvn by the department. Therefore application 
was made and patent granted by the United States for the manufac- 
ture of this serum to the Government or to any of its citizens without 
the payment of any royalty thereon. 

The following facts were brought out by these experiments : 

1. When hogs imnnnie against hog cholera are injected with suitable amounts 
(f blocid taken from hogs sick of hog cholera the blood serum of the immune 
acquires the power to protect nonimmune hogs against an otherwise fatal ex- 
)K>sure to the disease. This process of producing serum is known as " hyper- 
imumnization." 

2. The serum from hyperiuununized hogs may be used to protect susceptible 
hogs in one of two ways: (a) The serum alone is iujeet(Ni. This confers an 
immunity lasting for three weeks to two months, (b) The serum is injected 
simultaneously with a minute amount of blood taken from a hog sick of hog 
cholera. This is known as the •' simultaneous method," and it produces an 
imnuniity which lasts for many months, if not for life. 

3. The serum is essentially a preventive. It does not cure hogs already visibly 
sick, but it may be used succe.ssfully as a cure if administered in the vei'y early 
stages of the clisease. 

The Government confined their experiments to hogs kept at differ- 
ent experimental stations up until the year 1907, at which time they 
concluded these experiments had reached such a satisfactory stage 
that it was deemed advisable to try field experiments; so they selected 
several hundred head of hogs on diti'erent farms throughout central 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 21 

Iowa for this test, and the following method was used in carrvin<r 
on this work : 

Class 1. Healthy herds treated for the purpose of protection against hog 
cholera which existed on near-hy farms. In each herd a certain number of 
hogs were not treated, but left to serve as controls. In most of the herds in this 
class the disease did not appear in either the treated hogs or the controls. In 
a few of these heixls, however, hog cholera appeared some weeks after vaccina- 
tion among the controls, the average loss being 6S per cent of the untreated 
controls, while of the treated hogs in the same herd associating with the sick 
control animals none died. 

Class 2. Herds which had been exposed to disease through the entrance of a 
sick hog from a neighboring diseased herd, but at the time of treatment were 
apparently well. In these exiK)sed herds 4 per cent of the treated Tiogs died, 
while more than 89 per cent of the untreated control animals succumbed. 

Class 3. Herds in which hog cholera existed at the time of treatment. In 
these herds the effort was made to treat only those herds where disease had not 
progressed very far, as past experience had shown that the serum was essen- 
tially a protective agent rather than a cure. As a general rule this third class 
of herds contained comparatively few visibl.y sick hogs, but yet a sufficient 
number to show clearly that hog cholera was present, this being confirmed by 
post-mortem examination in each case. In these sick herds 13 per cent of those 
that received the serum were lost, whereas of the untreated control animals 75 
per cent died. The success of these practical tests, following the uniformly 
good results obtained in the previous experimental work, was sulficient to show 
that in this new serum the department possessed a substance which could be 
utilized to reduce, if not ultimately to entirely eliminate, losses from hog cholera. 

After these experiments had been carried on for some time the 
departn ent sent a notice of the same to the different States and 
requested that they send a representative to investigate the work 
being carried on in the State of Iowa, and also that they might be- 
come acquainted with the methods used in the manufacture and 
application of the serum. Some twenty-odd States took advantage 
of this invitation and sent representatives to investigate the work 
being carried on. This was during the year 1908.- Since then the 
department has continued its experiments relative to reducing the 
cost of this serum, and now have succeeded in producing an effective 
serum that can be had for a cost of from 15 to 40 cents per treatment 
of each hog. 

I desire to insert here, as a \)i\vt of my remarks, a statement of the 
Bureati of Animal Industry as to the methods of producing hog- 
cholera serum. 

The Presiding Officeij. If there is no objection, it will be so 
ordered. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 

A vigorous immune hog — that is. one which has recovered from an attack of 
.hog cholera or one which has been exiioscd to the disease without contracting 
it — is treated with a large quantity of blood from a hog sick of hog cholera. 
After a week or two blood is drawn from the innnune by cutting off the end of 
the tail. After standing, the l>lood clot is removed and the serum or fluid por- 
tion of the blood is mixed with a weak solution of carbolic acid and filled into 
sterilized bottles. We have in this fluid portion of the immune's blood the 
serum which will protect hogs from liog cholera. This serum is used in either 
one of two ways, namely, (1) the serum inoculation and (2) the simultaneous 
inoculation. 

These two methods of treatment are carried out as follows : 

Scrum inoculation. — The hogs which are to be protected are injected on the 
inside of the hind leg with a suitable dose of the serum alone. This injection 
will serve to protect hogs from hog cholera for several weeks, and in some cases 
for a longer time. But if the hog is not exposed to hog cholera within a few 



22 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA, 

weeks after this treatment, the iiuiminity which is conferred by the sei-nm will 
f;ra(lua,l]y lessen in def^ree and the hog may again become susceptible. If, how- 
ever, the hog is exposed to hog cholera within a short time after the injection 
of the serum, the iunnunity becomes, so far as experiments have shown, of per- 
manent and lifelong duration. 

Siinultancous i)iocul<ttion. — lu this form of vaccination the same serum is 
used as is emplou'ed when the serum alone is used, but in addition to the serum 
there is in.iected on the opjiosite side of the body, in the same manner as the 
serum, a very small amount of blood taken from a hog sick of the cholera. 
This simultaneous injection of serum and virulent blood confers upon the in- 
jected pig a permanent and lasting immunity, and Is therefore to be recom- 
mended in cases of well herds which may not be exposed for some months after 
the treatment. 

Mr. Kenyon. The deptirtinent has been handicapped in its work in 
the past years for the want of proper funds to cariT on this work. 
Congress, however, hist year made an appropriation of $To.000 for 
the continuation of this work, but it was not sufficient, and the funds 
were exhausted early in the fall, so far as Iowa Avas concerned. I 
realize the fact that the department was handicapped for the want 
of sufficient serum to carry on the work, and for the further reason, 
as has been suggested by the Senator from Ohio, tliat the appropria- 
tion was not available until the 1st day of July. 1913. At this time 
the bureau is in a position, if it can secure a liberal appropriation, to 
fight this plague and to successfidly combat the disease, but it will be 
necessary to have a good portion of this money made available for 
immediate use, in order that the bureau may become properly organ- 
ized. 

I ask permission to insert as a part of my remarks a letter from 
President Pearson, of our State Agricultural College, emphasizing 
the fact that a dollar early in the year is bettei' than three or four 
dollars later in the summer, when the disease of hog cholera is in full 
force. 

The PREsn)iNG Officer. If there is no objection, the letter may 
be inserted in the Kecord. 

Tlie letter referred to will be found in the ap})endix to Mr. Ken- 
yon 's remarks. 

Mr. Kenyon. The bureau carried on experiments in the following 
States during the year 1013 and is continuing the same at this time, 
namely, in Nebraska, Indiana, Missonri, and low^a. The department 
has no full reports available relative to the work carried on in the 
counties of the States named, such as Dallas County, Iowa; Pettis 
County. Mo. ; and Montgomery County. Ind.. and at present is unable 
to give a very definite statement. The dejjartment, however, is able 
to ascertain at this time that the losses from hog cholera in these 
counties have been distinctly less than in either of the two years 
immediately preceding. 

That brings up the question which the Senator from California 
[Mr. Works] suggested, that wdth this effective serum, as has been 
termed by him, the losses have continually increased. Even if the 
serum were perfectly effective, it might not be strange that the losses 
sliould have increased, because it has been absolutely imj)ossil)le in 
Ohio or in loAva or in other States to manufacture this serum in 
sufficient quantities to meet the demand. I was at the Iowa Agri- 
cultural College some two months ago, and at that time they told me 
(hat they were 13 weeks behind, and I think in the State of Ohio 
they are about a thousand orders behind all the time; so that they 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 23 

can only treat certain numbers; and the disease is increasing simply 
because of the lack of the serum, granting that the serum is the best 
treatment and that it can do the work. 

Mr. Jones. Mr. President 

The PREsmixG Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Washington? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 

Mr. Jones. Has the Senator any information as to what it would 
cost to install a plant by which the United States Government could 
furnish sufficient serum to take care of the situation throughout the 
country ? 

Mr. Kenyon. No; I have not. I assume that it would cost a great 
(ieal of money. I am not advocating that; but I do feel 

Mr. SraRLiNG. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from South Dakota? 

Mr. Kenyon. In ]ust a moment. I do feel, however, that those 
engaged in the commercial business of manufacturing and shipping 
serum should be under governmental inspection. 

Mr. Jones. It seems to me that that is certainly true, or else the 
Government should pr(>duce the serum and itself send it out, or 
the States. 

Mr. Kenyon. I think the States can produce serum under co- 
operation with the Government. 

Mr. Sterling. Mr. President, will the Senator allow me to ask 
him a question? 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from South Dakota? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 

Mr. Sterling. The Senator may have already made the statement, 
but if so, I did not hear it, as to how long this serum treatment has 
been going on. For what length of time has there been such treat- 
ment ? 

Mr. Kenyon. Dr. Dorset's patent was granted, I think, some five 
or six years ago. I can not be absolutely accurate as to that; but I 
would give it as my estimate that it has been in use for some five or 
six years, though not in any wise to the extent that it has been used 
in the last two or three years. The general use of this serum. I 
think, has been confined, say, to the last three years. 

Mr. Sterling. Ought not this serum treatment for that length of 
time to have demonstrated whether or not it is a successful method 
of treatment ? 

Mr. Kenyon. Well, as was suggested by the Senator from Ohio, 
there are still people Avho do not believe in vaccination for smallpox. 
There are those who are not yet satisfied as to its efficacy. The re- 
ports I ha^e from the Iowa Agricultural College show that the treat- 
ment has been successful; but. on the other hand, the letters which 
I have from Dr. Lowry, of Ottumwa, Iowa, and others are to the 
effect that most of tlie hog-cholera cases are due to the serum. 

Mv. Ci'MiSiiNS. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to his 
colleague ? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 



24 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Mr. CuMMiKS. I think if my colleague would describe, in a gen- 
eral way, how the serum is produced, Senators would have a better 
idea of the difficulties which attend its manufacture and the expense 
incident to it. It is not easy to establish a plant for the jH-oduction 
of this medicine, nor is it inexpensive to operate one. 

Mr. Kenyon. I am very glad my colleague has made that sugges- 
tion. I have been hurrying along, because I did not feel there was, 
on the part of the kSenate, much interest in the subject. 

Mr. Smith of South Carolina. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from lov.a yield to the 
Senator from South Carolina? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 

Mr. Smith of South Carolina. The question as to the efficacy of 
this treatment was raised a moment ago, when the Senator from 
South Dakota [Mr. Sterling] asked whether this treatment had 
proved a success. Some time ago I happened to be present at an in- 
terstate meeting wdiich was attended by the former Secretary of Agri- 
culture, Mr. Wilson, when that very question was asked. He replied 
that where the serum used was prepared according to the formula 
recommended by the Department of Agriculture, and used as recom- 
mended by the department, it had proved a uniform success. 

Mr. Kenyon. I think very few instances can be found where it 
has not been a success where that kind of serum has been used. 

Mr. Smith of South Carolina. I thought force might be added to 
the argument made by the Senator who now has the floor by calling 
attention to that statement, coming, as it does, from perhaps the high- 
est possible authority, because probably more of this serum has been 
used under his supervision than under the supervision of any other 
man. Secretarj^ Wilson made that unqualified statement. 

Mr. Kenyon. I think tliat is true; and he was really a practical 
farmer. 

In reply to the suggestion of my colleague [Mr. Cummins] — and 
that may answer other suggestions as to why this serum has not 
worked out better — I will say that the difficulties he suggests are 
true. The manufacture of hog-cholera serum is a very difficult and a 
very expensive proposition. In the first place, there must be an im- 
mune hog — I know this does not appeal to my friend from Cali- 
fornia, but I am going to go through with it, anyhow ; that is, a hog 
that has been through hog cholera or that has been vaccinated and is 
immune. They take a cholera-infected hog and inject into the im- 
mune hog, by a very interesting process, through a vein in the ear, 
the blood of the cholera-infected hog, sometimes to the amount of a 
quart. Then the immune hog. with the cholera-infected blood within 
him, is kept for ten days or two weeks. Then commences the process 
of cutting off portions of his tail — which he never seems to enjoy — 
and the blood drops down into a sterilized bottle. That is the serum. 

Mr. Works. I have net, I will say to the Senator, very much 
favored the serum treatment for man or beast. 

Mr. Kenyon. Then I Avas not so very much out of the way in my 
stntement. 

^Ir. Works. ]Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from California? 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 25 

Mr. Kknyon. I do. 

Mr. Works. The Senator from Iowa seems to intimate that I am 
an unbeliever and not subject to conviction. That is a mistake. 
I am very much interested in what the Senator h-om Iowa is sayino;. 
I think this is a very interestiuf^ question and a very important one, 
and I am lookin<r for litrht on the subject. 

Mr. Kenyon. I did not mean in any way to insinuate that the 
Senator was net lookino; for light, but I felt confident that lie did 
not believe in the serum treatment, as a great many other people 
do not. 

Mr. Warren. ]\Iay I ask the Senate !r a question? 

The PREsmiNo Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Wyoming? 

Mr. Kexyox, I do. 

Mr. Warrex. As I understand, this serum is used largely as a 
preventiA'e? ' 

Mr. Kenyox. Yes. 

Mr. Warrex. To prevent the disease rather than to cure it? 

Mr. Kexyox. Yes. 

Mr. AVarrex. Perhaps the Senator will give us further informa- 
tion on that point. 

Mr. Kexyox. I have some figures on that. After the hog is sick, 
if he is only slightly sick, the senun is sometimes used, but after the 
disease has obtained a virulent form it is not used alone, but the virus 
is used, viz. the double or simultaneous treatment. 

Mr. Clark of Wyoming. Mr. President 

The Presidtx^o Officer. Does the Senator f;'om Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Wyoming? 

Mr. Kexyox. I do. He has ratlier a (juizzical look en his face, 
and I think I will yield. 

Mr. Clark of Wyoming. My question is called forth by the to me 
unknown method of extracting or procuring hog-cholera serum. I 
can imagine that a large part of the expense attendant upon the 
operation woidd be the purchase of the hogs from which this serum 
could be obtained. 

Mr. Kexyox. Yes. 

Mr. Clark of Wyoming. How much of the serum can be obtained 
from one hog? I su impose it quits when the tail is exhausted? 

Mr. Kexyox". It depends upon the size. 

Mr. Clark of Wvoming. It depends upon the size of the tail, does 
it not? 

Mr. Kex^yox. Oh, no; there is more to this than a mere tail. It is 
a very interesting tale, of course. [Laughter.] 

Mr. Cu:M:vrixs. Mr. President 

The Presidixg Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to his 
colleague? 

Mr. Kexyox". I do. 

Mr. Cttmiwix^s. I wish my colleague would give the Senate some 
idea of the number of hogs that our own agricultural college has 
been compelled to secure in order to make this serum. 

Mr, Kexyox. I can not do it accurately. Can the Senator do so? . 

Mr. CuMMixs. The number is very large, is it not? 

Mr. Kexyox. Oh, yes: it is a very large number. 



26 KEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Mr. Cummins. I have not the number precisely in my mind, but it 
is a very large number, and the matter is attended with a great deal 
of expense. 

Mr. Kenyon. I would not attempt to say how many there were, 
but I know there were a great many. 

Some who have used the serum treatment are so confident about 
it that they are selling hogs with a guaranty against cholera. I have 
seen a number of advertisements of that kind. 

I desire now to give some of the practical results of this treatment. 
I had not intended to do it. but if it will excite a little interest, I am 
glad to do so. 

The Government ex])erimented in Pettis County, Mo., Montgomery 
County, 111., and Dallas County. Iowa. They experimented on the 
nealthy hogs with the tw(; treatments, the serum alone and the double 
or simultaneous treatment, which is dili'erent from the serum treat- 
ment only in that the actual blood of the diseased hog is also injected 
into the hog under treatment as' well as the serum. That is a very 
dangerous thing, of course, and can be done only by experts. Their 
figures were as follows : 

In Pettis County. Mo., the number of healthy hogs experimented 
on with serum alone was 3,825. Of those C died, probably the natural 
result. In Montgomery County 943 were experimented on, of which 
33 died. In Dallas County none were experimented on. The average 
loss was eight-tenths of 1 per cent. With the double treatment, in 
Pettis County they experimented on 500, and there were no losses; in 
Montgomery County, 3,711, with 36 losses; in Dallas County, 2,760, 
with no losses. Out of a total of 6.971 there were 36 losses, or five- 
tenths of 1 per cent. 

As to diseased herds, they experimented with serum alone in 
Pettis County (m 3,801 hogs, of which 597 died. That was even after 
the hogs were diseased, but not, I take it, to a very extended 
degree. In Montgomery County they experimented on 2,797, of 
which 610 died. In Dallas County t'ley experimented on 4,959, of 
which 1,693 died. Out of 11,557 diseased hogs 2,910 died with the 
serum treatment alone, and with the double treatment, out of 7,026 
hogs experimented on at the Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa stations, 
there were 204 lost — less than 2.8 per cent. 

Dr. Charles H. Stange, in charge of the State Biological Labora- 
tory at Ames, Iowa, sent me a statement as to their treatment, show- 
ing, first, the number treated Avith serum alone, the well and the sick, 
and then the number given the simultaneous treatment. 

The total number of hogs treated in healthy herds was 1,887; the 
total number of hogs lost Avas 44. The total number of hogs treated 
in diseased herds was 3,680; the total number of hogs lost was 758, 
of which 986 were sick when they were treated, or a loss of 16^ per 
cent, wdiile the general run of loss in herds where hog cholera entered 
has been from 60 to 85 per cent. So the practical result of this treat- 
ment in our part of the country has been to reduce the loss from 60 
to 85 per cent down to K4 per cent, even where the hogs were sick 
Avhen treated, and to 2.'j per cent where the hogs were treated before 
becoming .sick. 

I desire permission to insert in the Kecord at this point the returns 
of the experiments at Ames, and also the returns of the experiments 
by the Government in Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



27 



The Presiding Oitcer. If there is no objection, permission ig 
granted. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 



Healthy hogs. 
GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTS. 







Hogs. 


Died 




Pettis County 


(1) SERUM ALONE. 


3,825 
943 




6 


Montgomery County 


33 


Dallas County '. 












Total 


4,768 




39 


Per cent loss, 0.8. 


(1) SIMUXTANEOUS. 




Pettis County 


500 
3,711 
2,760 








36 


Dallas County ." 










Total 


6,971 




36 


Per cent loss, 0.5. 





Diseased herds. 





Hogs. 


Died. 


Pettis County 


(1) SERUM ALONE. 


3,801 
2,797 
4,959 


597 


Montgomery County 


610 




1,693 








Total 


11,557 


2,910 


Per cent loss, 25. 


(2) SIMULTANEOUS. 




Pettis County 






Montgomery County . . . 


1,966 
5,060 


44 


Dallas County - - 


160 








Total 


7,026 


204 


Per cent loss, 2.8. 





EXPERIMENTS MADE AT AMES, IOWA. 





Healthy herd. 


Sick herd. 


Treatment. 


Numl>er 
treated. 


Numlier 
died. 


Number 
treated. 


Number 
died. 


Numl'er 
sick. 




28 
25 
36 
12 





1 



80 

110 

106 

32 

6 

IS 

35 

53 

133 

46 

97 

150 

108 

63 

73 

93 

61 

50 

120 

340 

154 


67 

15 

60 

8 

6 



17 

30 



30 

50 

75 

15 

2.5 
43 

t; 



IS 
20 
40 


60 


Do 


12 


Do 


60 


Do 


4 


Do 


6 


Do 






18 


Do 






3 


Do 






10 


Do 






1 


Do 






44 


Do 






15 


Do .- 






30 


Do 






16 


Do 






36 


Do 






73 


Do 






87 


Do 






50 


Do 






1 


Do 






20 


Do 






105 


Do 






30 










Total 


101 


1 


1,928 


532 


681 







28 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 





Healthy herd. 


Diseased herd. 


Number 

died 

before 

treating. 


Treatment. 


Number 
treated. 


Number 
died. 


Number 
treated. 


Number 
died. 


Number 
sick. 




177 

60 

100 

1 

52 

166 

9 

146 

118 

122 

4.3 

76 

40 

23 

24 

5 

101 

145 

56 

155 

8 

15 

68 

75 

8 

13 

5 

70 


4 



2 
1 



16 

5 





'o 

10 
2 


1 

1 



1 


55 

75 

44 

73 

85 

144 

20 

82 

100 

112 

116 

40 

110 

60 

54 

110 

124 

78 

52 

45 

15 

150 

8 


14 

40 

1 
2 
1 
3 
5 


20 

2 
4 
4 
5 

50 

17 
8 

24 



30 



14 
3 

10 
1 
3 

39 
10 
6 
20 
40 
2 
3 
5 
3 
6 
65 
12 
10 
4 

15 
10 
25 



6 


Do 


1 


Do 





Do 





Do 





Do 


6 


Do 


n 


Do 


2 


Do 





Do 


18 


Do 





Do 





Do 


1 


Do 





Do 





Do 


7 


Do 





Do 


1 


Do 


3 


Do 





Do 





Do 


5 


Do 


1 


Do 




Do 










Do 










Do 










Do 




















Total 


1,786 
101 


43 
1 


1,752 
1,928 


236 
532 


305 

681 


51 


Total serum alone 








Grand total 


1,887 


44 


3,680 


758 


986 


51 







Total number of hogs treated, healthy herds, 1,287. 

Total number of hogs lost, healthy herds, 44; 2i^ per cent lost after treatment. 

Total number of hogs treated in diseased herds^ 3,680. 

Total number of hogs lost in diseased herds, 758; lOJ per cent lost after treatment. 

Total number of hogs sick when treatment was applied, 986. 

Mr, Kenyon. At this time there are '20 or 30 States enoaged in the 
distribution of hog-cliolera serum to farmers, and their reports are 
not avaihible. I have shown on this map the different States and the 
amounts they have expended in serum pLmts. I wish to insert in the 
Record, without reading, a list of the States having- serum labora- 
tories and a list of the States which purchase serum for distribution 
but do not manufacture it. 

The PiiESiDiNG Officer. If there is no objection, it will be so 
ordered. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 



states. 



California. . . . 

Nebraska 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Arkansas. 

Illinois , 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 



Money in- 
vested in 
serum lab- 
oratory. 



$16, 
2, 
5, 
5, 

48, 
5, 
1, 

30, 
2. 

25, 

100. 

3, 



Sum sug- 
gested by 
local offi- 
cials as 
amount 
that could 
be spent 
with profit. 



S20, 000 
50,000 



1 , 000, 000 
350, 000 



10,000 
100,000 
200, 000 



States. 



Money in- 
vested in 
serum lab- 
oratory. 



Kentucky [ $15, 000 

Tennessee 10, 000 

Alabama 2, 000 

Georgia 6, 000 

South Carolina 1,000 

Florida 15,000 

Louisiana 2,000 

Montana 

Oregon 

North Dakota 

New York 

Delaware , 



Sum sug- 
gested by 
local offi- 
cials as 
amount 

that could 
be spent 

with profit. 



$100,000 



25,000 
100, 000 
25,000 



10,000 
15,000 
10, 000 
25, 000 
15,000 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 29 

The following States have small investments for the manufacture or dis- 
tribution of hog-cholera serum: Delaware, a very small sum from funds of 
live stock sanitary board, amount not known; Maryland. $5,000; Mississippi, 
$5,000; New York, no definite amount, meager fund available from college 
appropriation; North Carolina. $1,500; North Dakota, $3,000; Oklahoma, $3,750; 
Wisconsin, Initial appropri.-ition. $600; South Dakota, amount not known. 

The following States do not manufacture, but purchase serum for distribu- 
tion: Maine, amount not known; Vermont, no definite amount; Virginia, $3,000 
to begin, subsequent fund derived from sale of serum. 

Mr. Kenyox. The Bureau of Animal Industry has recently been 
advised that the State of Missouri has increased her approi^riation 
for the manufacture of hog-cholera serum to $50,000' and that the 
State of Idaho has appropriated the sum of $5,000 for the manufac- 
ture of serum in that State. 

The figures given as to the investments in the various States show 
that they are awake to the conditions and are doing what they can 
to thvrart this disease. It is probable that the various States can 
manufacture the seriun necessary. 

If the States can take care of the manufacture of the serum, and 
the Federal Government can cooperate in sending out men to instruct 
in the use of the serum, to instruct as to sanitary conditions, quaran- 
tine, and the general treatment of hog eliolera, and if the regula- 
tions in relation to the manufacture and sliipment of serum are 
enforced, it would seem that tliis cooperation of the State and Federal 
Governments can blot out the disease. 

I have suggested before that the question is frequently propounded, 
whether the serum treatment is good for anything. I have had let- 
ters from farmers stating that their herds had been lost through the 
use of "fake'' serums, and I know of such cases. I submit some 
letters showing the use of the serum in various States and the good 
results coming therefrom ; also letters showing the bad results there- 
from. 

Mr. Works. Mr. President 

The PREsroixG Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to tlie 
Senator from California? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 

Mr. Works. Is this serum included ? 

Mr. Kenyon. A^Hiat serum does the Senator mean? 

Mr. Works. I refer to the serum that has been spoken of here as 
recommended by the Agriculture Department as being effective. 

Mr. Kenyon. Xo. 

Mr. Works. I wondered whether or not that was included. 

Mr. Kenyon. No; that is not included. This serum is manufac- 
tured in different places and is shipped in interstate commerce. The 
bad and " fake " serum treatment is. of course, the wrong thing, and 
the farmer must be certain that the treatment is right before he uses 
it. I feel that this should be covered in some way by Government 
inspection. It is, of course, fatal to inoculate a herd with bad serum. 
You might as well vaccinate a himian being with bad virus. 

I ask permission to insert at this point some letters from farmers 
and veterinary surgeons against the serum treatment, as it is only niy 
purpose to present all sides of this question, and the discussion raging 
around the serum treatment is indicative of the necessity of further 
experiments and more work. I also wish to insert some newspaper 
clippings on the subject. 



30 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

The Presiding Officer. If there is no objection, the request will 
be granted. 

Mr. Kenyox. Upon reflection, I will ask later to have these in- 
serted. 

The follovving extract is from a letter written, by the professor 
of veterinary science at the Kansas Agricultural College, who is in 
charge of hog-cholera serum production in the State of Kansas : 

I estimate that the average dose has beeu in tbe neighborhood of 30 cubic 
centimeters per hog, which gives as a result approximately 27.5,0(X) he-id of hogs 
vaccinated by the simultaneous method and 275,<¥)0 vaccinated with the serum 
alone. I estimate that, under the conditions and the general infection of this 
State, a conservative estimate of the number of hogs saved through the vaccina- 
tion would be at least half the number vaccinated, or 275,(100. This is certainly 
a conservative estimate. 

That would be a saving to Kansas of over $-2,000.000. 
The State veterinarian of Ohio writes as follows: 

It is my opinion that at least 50 per cent of the animals in infected herds 
were saved by the serum, and I believe, further, that this is a very low estimate. 
Taking this as a basis, then, we have the following: Of the total number of swine 
tre:ited to date (313,000) 72 per cent, or 225,300 swine, were in infected herds. 
It is reasonable to assume that at least two-thirds of these would have died 
from the effects of disease had they not been treated with serum. In other 
words, there would have been a loss of 150,240 swine, with an average value of 
at least $10, or .$1,502,400. This does not take into ac-ouut the healthy herds 
which were treated, nor does it take into account the extra value of the large 
per cent of pure-bred or registered herds. 

The following is an extract from the report of the agricultural ex- 
periment station of the Agricultural College of Calif(n-nia : 

A conservative estimate of the number of hogs saved by the antihog-cholera 
serum is 30,000 head. The cost of the serum to farmers, in addition to that 
distributed free as provided by law, has been about $33,000. Estimating the 
average value of a hog in California at $9.20, the protection provided these 
30.000 hogs has meant a saving to the ranchers of at least $240,000. This does 
not include the profits resulting from the bree<ling and profitable feeding of 
the hogs .<-aved. 

If in all cases the serum had been used as the station recommends — that is. 
before the disease has gained ejitrance to the herds — then 90 per cent of all hogs 
owned by these farmers would probably have lived instead of only 50 per cent 
of the untreated hogs and 91.3 per cent of the treated; that is. about $350,000 
would have been saved in addition to the $240.<X)0 mentioned above. 

As a representative from a great agricultural State — the greatest 
in the Union — I have been anxious not to raise hypercritical objec- 
tions relative to various kinds of treatments, but rather to help pro- 
vide the Agricultural Department with a large enough appropria- 
tion fur them to carry on their experiments with relation to treatirent 
of this disease that is dissipating the herds of hogs of the farmers of 
my State. I am doing so w^ithout advocating any particular kind of 
treatment, but merely desirous to have Congress furnish the sinews 
of war for a fight against this element in the high cost of living. 
Tbe Bureau of Animal Industry, with a large appropriation, can 
extend the operations now^ being'carried on in^Dallas County, Iowa, 
Pettis County, Mo., and Montgomery County, Ind., asVellVs their 
experiments in Nebraska, to other counties i'n these States, and can 
also carry the work to other States in the Union where this disease 
is creating such havoc among swine. Further, the Bureau of Animal 
Industry and the agents sent out can cooperate \Yith the State agri- 
cultural colleges of the different States and with the county agricul- 



y 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. * 31 

tiiral agents located throughout the coimtrv. These agents are under 
the control of the department and in direct touch with them. In the 
experiments in Dallas County, in our State, they were hampered for 
lack of funds. 

I received a letter last year from a memher of the legislature <;f 
our State, living in Dallas County, who is greatly interested in this 
proposition, pleading that I secure more money for their experi- 
ments. They we.'-e then in the midst of their experiments. I took 
up the matter with the Secretary of Agriculture, and in reply he 
wrote as follows: 

Dfi'artment oi<" Agrtculture. 

Offk'K of the Sfcketary. 
WaHhingtoii. D. C, Octohcr 31, WIS. 
Hon. W. S. Ken YON. 

United Stales Senate. 
Dear Senator Kenyon.: liepl.ving to yori" letter of October 27, 1013. re^orl- 
iiij; the hog-cholera rtemonstration work being carried ont in Dallas Connt.v, 
Iowa, it is not poppible to get aside additional fnnds for nse in D:'ll;;s Of>nnt.y 
during the present tisc;il year. The depa.rtment has alrejuly expended for 
the work in Dallas County a very considerable isroportion of the fund appro- 
priated by the last Congress for hog-cholera denionstr;ition work. We can 
not allot ad'litional fnnds for the Iowa experiment without detriment to the 
work in other States. With the onset of cold weither. I believe that hog 
cholera will be much less prevalent, and additional funds at this season of 
the year would be of little avail. It may be that if Congress decides to con- 
tinue this work during the next fiscal .year, the deiiartment will need some 
additional funds to I)e available in the spring of 1914. a.s it is esseiitinl ftn' 
success to l>egin the eradication work earl.v in the year. 
Ver.v sincerely. 

D. L". Houston, Secretary. 

As has been said by the distinguished Senator from Ohio, this 
money is needed soon, as it is essential for success to begin the eradica- 
tion work early in the year. The experiments in Dallas County could 
not be carried out as was desired, and as should have been clone in 
order to attain the best results, because of the lack of a few thotisand 
dollars. 

I desire to ])lace in the Record some suggestions from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture as to treatment of hog cholera. 

The Presiding Officer. If there is no objection, leave is granted. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 

Prevention and Treatment of Hog Cholera. 

general preventive measures. 

All that is necessary to prevent hog cholera is to keep the germ of the disease 
away from the herd. It has been shown that in the vast ma.iority of cases this 
germ is transported mechanically, ii\ the bodies of sick hogs and on the feet of 
men or ainmals including birds. It thus follows that the chances of an out- 
break of hog cholera will be greatly lessened, if not completely avoided, if a 
, herd is protected from these carriers of the infection. The enforcement of a 
complete quarantine is. however, not practicable under .average farm conditions, 
and the best that can be hoped for is the lessening of the opportunity for infec- 
tion by placing the herd on a part of the farm that will be the least accessible 
to meii or animals from other farms. Hog lots should never be located near 
public roads if this can be avoided. All newly purchased stock should be kept 
separate from the main herd for at least 30 days. 

In addition to protecting the herd by methods of quarantine, cr.reful attention 
sliould be given to the general hei.lth of the herd. The hogs should be provided 
with cleaiL diw sleeping places and the lots and feeding troughs should be kept 
clean. It is well occasionally to scatter slaked lime about the lots and to wash 



32 KEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

and disinfect tlie troughs. Probably tlie best disinfectant for this purpose is the 
compound solution of cresol (U. S. P.), which can be prepared at any drug 
store. One part of this should be mixed with 30 parts of water and the troughs 
scrubbed witli it. The disinfectant is then washed out of the troughs with 
wa ter. 

After an outbrealv of hog cholera the yards and pens should be thoroughly 
cleaned, all dead hogs should be burned or buried deep with quicklime, the 
litter should be collected and burned, and lime scattered freely over the 
ground. The sheds and liog houses should be washed thoroughly with the 
solution of cresol, as above described, before new stock is brought on the place. 
Feeding troughs that have been used by sick pigs should be burneil if made of 
wood, but if this is not practicable tliey should be scrubbed clean and thor- 
oughly soaked with the cresol solution, the latter being washed out before the 
troughs are used again. 

It is possible to start an outbreak of hog cholera in a herd by bringing hogs 
on the farm that have had the disease and have ajiparently recoveretl. We 
have no definite information concerning the length of time that such hogs may 
be able to communicate the disease to others, but for safety's sake two or 
three months should be allowed to elapse after comi»lete recovery before plac- 
ing such an animal with susceptible pigs, and then only after wr.shing or dip- 
ping in a disinfectant solution (compound solution of ci'esol. 1 to 100). 

In Farmers' Bulletin 24, Dr. D. E. Salmon gave the following formula for a 
medicine which was used many years ago as a preventive and cure for hog 
cholera : 

Pounds. 

Wood charcoal 1 

Sulphur 1 

Sodium chloride 2 

Sodium bicarbonate 2 

Sodium hyposulphite 2 

Sodium sulphate 1 

Antimony sulphide (black antimony) 1 

Experience has shown, however, that this medicine is not to be regarded as a 
cure or preventive in the true sense of the words, but it is nevertheless a very 
good condition powder. This powder is mixed with the feed in the proportion 
of a large tablespoonful to each 200 pounds weight of hogs to be treated, and 
should not be given oftener than once a day. This medicine can not be relied 
upon to prevent the occurrence of disease, except in so far as it improves tlie 
general health of the hogs. Therefore, even though this remedy be used, strict 
attention must be given to quarantine and sanitary measures if the disease is 
to be warded off when in the neighborhood. 

PREVENTION BY INOCVLATION. 

Careful and persistent attention to general preventive measures, such as 
quarantine, disinfection, projier feeding, etc.. on the part of farmers generally 
would no doubt result in a material reduction in the yearly losses from hog 
cholera, and the im|)ortance of ol)serving these precautions can not be overesti- 
mated. However, as it is regarded as impractic.-ible to enforce a general and 
completely effective quarantine, the Bure.-.u of Animal Industry has endeavored 
f()r a number of years to find a medicine or serum which could be used for pre- 
venting hog cholera or for curing hogs siclv of that disease. It is a well-known 
fact that hogs which have recovered from hog cholera are thereafter immune 
against that disease. The experiments of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
lesulted in the discovery that when such inununes are injected with blood from 
a sick hog the immune is not made sick, but as a result of this injection its 
blood acquires the ]H)wer to i)rotect other hogs from hog cholera. The details 
of the early experiments which served to establish this fact are given in Bureau 
of Animal Industry Bulletin 102, which can be obtained only from Superintend- 
ent of Documents. (Tovernment Printing Otlice. Washington, I). C. ; price, 15 
cents. Since that bulletin was issued a great deal of additional work has been 
carried out. and it has been established beyond question that the early observa- 
tions were correct and that it is entirely possible to protect hogs if they are 
treated with serum from a properly treated innnune hog. 
The method of producing this serum is brietly a.s follows: 
A vigorous innnune hog — that is, one wliich has recovered from an attack of 
hog cliolera or one which has been exposed to the disease without contracting 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 33 

it—is treated with a lai-,i;e quantity of blood from a hog sick of hog cholera. 
After a week or two blood is drawu from the immune by cutting off the end of 
the tail. After standing, the blood clot is removed and the serum or fluid por- 
tion of the blood is mixed with a weak solution of carbolic acid and filled into 
sterilized bottles. We have in this fluid portion of the immune's blood the 
serum which will protect hogs from hog cholera. This serum is used in either 
one of two ways, namely, (]) the serum inoculation, and (2) the simultaneous 
inocuhitiou. These two methods of treatment are carried out as follows: 

SKRUM INOCVLATION. 

The hogs wliich are to be protected are injected on the inside of the hind 
leg with a suitable dose of the serum alone. This injection will serve to pro- 
tect hogs from hog cholera for several weeks and. in some cases, for a longer 
time. But if the hog is not exposed to hog cholera within a few weeks after 
this treatment, the immunity which is conferred by the serum will gradually 
lessen iu degree and the hog may again become susceptible. If, however, the 
hog is exposed to hog cholera within a short time after the injection of the 
serum, the immunity becomes, so far as experiments have shown, of permanent 
and lifelong duration. 

Froni what has been said it will be seen that the injection of the serum alone 
is especially to be recommeudetl in cases where there is immediate danger of 
exposure, especially when valuable hogs are carrietl to fairs and in herds where 
the disease has already broken out but has not progressed very far. In herds 
of this character all of the well animals may be treated, and even in the case 
of slightly «iek animals much good may be accomplished by the serum injection. 

SIMULTANEOUS INOCULATION. 

In- this form of vaccination the same serum is used as is employed when 
the serum alone is used, but in addition to the serum there is injected on the 
opposite side of the body, iu the same manner as the serum, a very small 
amount of blood taken from a hog sick of hog cholera. This simultaneous 
injection cif serum and virulent blot)d confers upon the injected pig a ]»erma- 
nent and lasting immunity, and is therefore to be recommended in cases of well 
herds which may not be exposed for some months after the treatment. 

SAPETY OK THE METHODS. 

Properly prepared serum when used alone. witln>ut the employment of blood 
from a sick hog, is entirely harmless and incapable of giving rise to an attack 
of hog cholera.. Xor does this injection interfere in any way with the growth of 
the treated hogs. 

The simultaneous inoculation, involving as it does the use of a disease- 
producing virus, requires much more care when emi)loyed than does the serum- 
alone inoculation, for. if through careless preparation or from any other cause 
the serum should be we;!ker than is required, injury to the vaccinated hog- 
might result. This danger, which is extremely slight w^hen carefully tested 
serum is used, is met with in pi'actically ail processes which are now employed 
for producing a permanent and lasting protection iigainst infectious diseases, and 
although it would be very desirable to eliminate even this slight element of 
danger, we can hardly expect to do this without at the same time sacrificing to 
some extent the high degree of immunity and the [,'rolonged protection which 
follows the simultaneous method in its present form. 

Practically, in deciding which method to use one must be governed largely 
by the length of immunity which is required. If this is needed for only a few 
weeks, or if the treatment can be repeated a-t short inter\als. as in the case of 
exceptionally valuable pure-bred hogs, where the increased cost would not l>e' 
objected to. the serum alone may be used. In other cases the simultaneoua 
method is recommended. In either jirocess of vaccination it is considered 
highly desirable for the treatment to be applied by competent veterinarians 
who have had special training in this class of work, and only such skilled men 
should employ the simultaneous process. After treatment by the simultaneous 
method the herd should be kept under observation for 10 days or 2 w-eeks, and 
if any of the inoculated hogs show serious symptoms of disease the herd 

S. Doc. 489, 63-2 3 



34 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA, 

should be immediately re-treated with the serum aloue. When properly per- 
formed, the simultaneous inoculation does not seem to injure the hog or to in- 
terfere with its growth in any way, and if the precautions indicated above are 
taken it is regarded as safe enough for practical use. 

PRACTICAL Tt:STS OF BOTH METHODS. 

As before stated, the serum has l)een tested by the Bureau of Animal Industry 
in an extended manner on farms under practical conditions, both the serum 
inoculation and the simultaneous inoculation being employed at different times. 
In these practical experiments a number of hogs were generally left untreated, 
60 that we might be sure that the herd actually had hog choiera and also be 
able to determine better the action of the serum. In these tests approximately 
2,000 hogs, located on 47 separate farms, were treated. Some of the herds 
treated were apparently perfectly well at the tin)e, but were in a neighborhood 
where hog cholera was prevalent. In other cases the disease was just beginning, 
as indicated by the sickness of one or two animals. In others the disease had 
progressed to a considerable extent, a number of the animals in the herd being 
sick at the time of treatment; and in still another class of herds the hogs had 
been exposed to disease by contact with sick animals, but had not developed 
symptoms of illness at the time of treatment. The tests were carried out under 
farm conditions, and aside from the serum injections no attempt was made to 
save the treated hogs. Upon summarizing the results at the end of the season 
it was found that more than 8-5 per cent of the treated hogs had been saved in 
herds that were sick at the time of treatment, while of the liogs left untreated 
in the same herds only 25 per cent survived ; more than 95 per cent of the 
treated animals were saved in the herds which had been exposed at the time 
of treatment, while of the untreated hogs in the same herds only 11 per cent 
survived; of the treated hogs in the herds that did not become exposed until 
after the treatment none were lost, whereas only 35 per cent of the untreated 
hogs in the same herds survived. 

While in practice the serum may not always give as good results as these, 
there can be no doubt that if used properly and in the early period of an out- 
break of hog cholera it will effect a very large saving. 

CONCLUSION. 

Since these results were obtained the department has brought this method of 
preventing hog cholera to the attention of the various State experiment stations 
and live-stock sanitary boards throughout the country, and has proposed to 
them that they take up this work and prepare a serum for the benefit of hog 
raisers, as the preparation of serum by the Federal Government on .-i large 
enough scale to supply the needs of the entire country seemed to be in)i)racti- 
cable. As a result of this, a number of the States have taken up the work, and 
in practically all cases where a thorough test has been made they have con- 
firmed the results obtained by the department with this method. We there- 
fore feel safe in saying that this process will prevent hog cholera, provided due 
care is given to the preparation of the serum and to its application. 

The serum preparation is of such a nature that it should not be undertaken 
by farmers themselves, but should be under the control of trained men who 
have had experience in bacteriology and who are also thoroughly familiar 
with the diseases which affect hogs. For these reasons no attempt has been 
made in this paper to describe the details of" the serum production. 

At the present time it is impossible to state definitely just what the cost 
of this serum should be. This will undoubedly vary in different localities, 
depending upon local conditions, such as the price of hogs, the cost of feed, 
and similar minor considerations: but it has been estimatetl, and this esti- 
mate has been confirmed by at least one of the States now conducting this 
work, that the serum can be made for 25 cents a dose. We do not regard this 
as the minimum limit of cost for the serum production, but rather hope that 
with increased knowletlge of the disea.se and wider experience with the serum 
production this estimate will be materially reduced. 

Finally, it should be remembered that this serum is to be used especially 
as a preventive, and that little success can be expected in herds which are 
badly affected with hog cholera. An early application is essential, and in the 
States which have taken up this work the farmers should notify the proper 
authorities immediately upon their hogs becoming ill, so that they may be 
treated at once. 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 35 

luasmucli as the serum described herein is a comparatively new substance, 
it is not to be expected that success will always follow its use; but as it has 
been already definitely proAed that hog cholera may be prevented with this 
serum, the failures, if they occur, will be caused by local conditions or varia- 
tions in the details of serum production, which can be corrected. Those who 
are interested in the subject are urged to cooperate with the State authorities 
who have control of this work and to assist them in their efforts to produce a 
reliable serum. It is only through such intelligent cooperation that we can 
expect to attain the final result which is aimed at, namely, the eradication of 
hog cholera as a serious menace to the hog-raising industry in this country. 

Note. — The United States Department of Agriculture is not preparing anti- 
hog-cholera serum for distribution. Those who wish to obtain serum should 
apply to their respective State veterinarians or agricultural colleges. 

Mr. Ken YON. The Senator from Ohio [Mr. Pomerene], as he has 
said, has introdticed a bill to appropriate $500,000 for this work. I 
introduced a bill very early in the session to appropriate $750,000 
for it. Possibly $500,000 is as much as could be expected from Con- 
gress in these times of economy. We have introduced these bills 
now, without waiting for the Agricultural appropriation bill, be- 
cause of the very thing the Senator from Ohio has so well suggested 
and I have so feebly suggested — that a dollar expended in the spring 
will be more effective than three or four dollars expended in July, 
and whatever is done should be done speedily. 

It woul(i seem rather a " penny-wise and pound-foolish " policy to 
refuse this appropriation on the ground that we must economize, 
and consequently permit the agricultural interests of the country to 
suffer. As the distinguished Senator from Ohio has suggested, we 
long ago reached the point in this country where the people regarded 
anything that detrimentally affected the agricultural interests of the 
country as affecting the entire people. We must be a great agricul- 
tural people or we shall not be a great people at all. 

I have suggested before — and I know it is a somewhat delicate 
subject — that the money spent in sending out garden seeds for the 
last four years would have been sufficient to eradicate hog cholera in 
this country. It would seem more important to get rid of this scourge 
than it is to send out a few seeds that never were known to grow, any- 
how, and are, in fact, merely political seeds, designed to reap a 
harvest of votes. I am glad the present Secretary of Agriculture 
has recommended practically the abolition of the free-seed practice. 

Mr. Jones. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Washington? 

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly. 

Mr. Jones. I will suggest to the Senator that the present Secretary 
of Agriculture is not the first Secretary of Agriculture who has ac- 
tually recommended it. 

Mr. Kenyon. The other Secretaries did not seem to have so much 
power as the present one ; but now, if it shall be made a party matter, 
to be determined in caucus, I suppose we may get rid of the practice. 

Mr. Jones. I shall be very much surprised if the present Secretary 
has the power the Senator thinks he has in another body that we do 
not dare mention here. I do not think there will be any diflficulty in 
this body, so far as that is concerned. 

Mr. Kenyon. To the credit of this body be it said that they voted 
to strike the appropriation out of the last appropriation bill. 



36 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Mr. Jones. Yes ; and I think we were given some assurance here, 
were we not, when the bill was brought in in conference, that the 
matter was to be taken up rather seriously at this session? That is 
my recollection. At all events, I hope that will be done. 

Mr. Kenyon. As seriously as any free-seed matter can be taken up. 

If we must practice economy, I want to appeal to our Democratic 
friends — and I believe in economy as much as they do — not to prac- 
tice it on this matter. We might practice it to some extent on the 
franking privilege; we might practice it by not printing so many 
things in the Record ; we might get along with a few less public build- 
ings and vote this money for a real puipose that is for the benefit 
of the entire Nation — to everyone who is compelled to buy and eat 
meat. 

I hope the bill of the Senator from Ohio or some bill like it will 
be passed. I have no pride of opinion at all in the bill I have in- 
troduced. I shall be glad to see his bill passed. We of our State are 
anxious for results. I shall cordially cooperate in any movement 
that will furnish liberal funds to the Government, so that it may co- 
operate Avith the States in fighting this plague. 

It is not merely a question of the Northern States. If it were, I 
am sure our southern friends would help us; but they are suffering 
likewise. We have never hesitated to vote large sums of money 
where there was a great public necessity. As I have said, millions 
have been spent in eradicating the boll weevil and the Texas tick. 
In times of distress from overflow of water we have always been 
generous in voting liberal appropriations. Those were more or 
less the South's calamities. This is partly their calamity, and to a 
larger extent our calamity in the North, but it is really a calamity of 
the American people. 

The American hog has been descrD^ed as the mortgage raiser, 
which is true. He has been compelled to go out of that business for 
the last few years and has been hurried to his reward entirely too 
fast. We are only asking now^ that Congress help to restore him to 
the proud position he once occupied — that of the mortgage raiser of 
the American farm and the prosperity producer of the American 
farmer. 

Mr. Smoot. Before the Senator finishes I should like to ask him a 
question, with his permission. 

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly. 

Mr. Smoot. I have before me the bill introduced by the Senator 
from Ohio [Mr. Pomerene], calling for an appropriation of $500,000 
for the purpose of providing and administering remedies for hog 
cholera. Does the Senator believe the bill ought to provide for ad- 
mmistering remedies for hog cholera or that it ought to provide 
simply the remedy itself? 

Mr. Kenyon. If we could provide a remedy, I should like to see 
it done. That is a great question. 

Mr. Smoot. That is what the appropriation is asked for. 

Mr. Kenyon. I think what the Senator from Ohio has in mind is 
the sending out of agents for demonstration work, as has been done 
by the Government, to instruct the farmer as to the treatment, and to 
instruct the State veterinarians, so that they may properly use the 
serum, and matters of that Irind. 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 37 

Mr, Smoot. The bill specifically provides for administering the 
remedies. I thought that was rather uncalled for, because if the 
Government furnished the serum to each of the States the State itself, 
through its agencies, could administer the remedy. 

Mr. Kekyon. That is true, if the vState officers are properly in- 
structed by those who are familiar with the work. I will say to the 
Senator that in Dallas County they secured their serum from the 
State agricultural college. They could not secure enough of it, al- 
though finally the State agricultural college gave them the preference. 
The Government's special agents were there demonstrating among 
the farmers. They went right around among the farmers, where 
there were 20,000 sick hogs, showing how the serum should be used 
and instructing the farmers about it. That was the work the Govern- 
ment did there. It had general charge. That is what is intended — 
merely to bring about cooperation, the Government doing part of the 
work, tlie State doing its part, and the farmer doing his part, 

Mr. Warren. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Wyoming? 

Mr. Ken YON. I do. 

Mr. Warren. I assume the idea of the Senator from Iowa in his 
measure is to carry this appropriation into effect something like the 
approjiriation for the destruction of the boll weevil has been carried 
into effect and executed. That is, the Government sends out demon- 
strators, not only to assist in the demonstration of the remedy for 
the boll weevil, but to instruct the planter as to the season, how to 
plant the crop, and how to raise it. While I am not engaged in the 
cotton business, I understand that has been very effective. 

Mr. Kenyon. In other words, to make farm demonstrations. 

Mr. Warren. As I understand from the evidence that was given 
last year in regard to hog cholera before the Committee on x\gricul- 
ture and Forestry, the remedy is a very expensive one, and must be 
most carefully administered; but it seems that the care of the herd, 
the burning of the bodies of the hogs that die, and all that, is some- 
thing of which the farmers generally are ignorant, and in which they 
need some instruction. I assume that is what is intended by this bill, 
and I think the object is a worthy one. 

Mr. PoMERENE. Mr. President 

The Presiding Officer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the 
Senator from Ohio? 

Mr. Kenyon. I do. 

Mr. Pomerene. The primary object of the bill is to get Federal aid 
for the purpose of eradicating this disease. I take it that if the 
appropriation can be used in whatever way the Agricultural Depart- 
ment may deem most efficacious, under any restraints that Congxess 
in its wisdom may see fit to impose, there will not be any difficulty in 
determining the method in which it should be done. I think the Fed- 
eral authorities should act in conjunction with the State authorities, 
and I have no doubt they will do so. 

Mr. Vardaman. I wish to ask the Senator from Ohio, with the per- 
mission of the Senator from Iowa, whether an appropriation ever 
has been made before for purposes of this character ? 



38 KEMEDIES rOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

Mr. PoMERENE. Yes ; last year $40,000 was appropriated in an ap- 
propriation bill. The Senator from Iowa and myself tried to have 
the amount increased to $100,000, and the Senate voted the increase, 
but in conference it was reduced to $75,000. 

Mr. Vardaman. That Avas to be expended under the direction of 
the Agricultural Department? 

Mr. PoMERENE. It was to be expended, as I now remember, under 
the direction of the Agricultural Department. 

Mr. Burton. I have the provision before me, Mr. President. It is 
on page 5 of the agricultural appropriation bill. After the general 
appropriation for inspection, quarantine work, etc., it says: 

Provided, That of this sum not less than $75,000 shall be set aside for demon- 
strating the best method of preventing and eradicating hog cholera. 

So the appropriation was not less than $75,000 out of a total appro- 
priation of $654,000. 

Mr. Smoot. I will suggest to the Senator that I believe the word- 
ing of the proviso in the agricultural appropriation bill is very much 
better and more comprehensive than the wording of this bill. I 
think that covers the situation exactly. 

Mr. VardAman. The Senator is not after wording. He wants 
money. 

Mr. Kenton. Mr. President, I have taken more time than I in- 
tended. I have a great mass of details that I have not gone into, 
some of which I should like to put in the record and some not. 1 
ask permission, as an appendix to my remarks, to insert some of this 
matter. I shall not insert a great deal of it, but I should like to 
insert such as may seem proper. 

The Vice PREsmENT. Is there any objection? The Chair hears 
none, and permission is granted. 

(The matter referred to is as follows:) 



APPENDIX. 



Ames. Iowa, December J9, 1913. 
Senator William S. Kenyon. 

United Stales Senate. Waahinfiton. D. C. 

Dear Senator Kenyon : I have yonr kind letter of December 15 and am 
sorry that I have been unable to get any more reports on herds vacfinated 
with our own serum. I believe, how^ever, that those that are inclosed will give 
you a representative list, and I would not anticipate much change in the aver- 
age if the list were largei'. I desire to say also that these figures are not 
selected in any way, but all of the reports on the use of our own serum which 
we have been able to receive thus far have been included. 

You will notice that the loss in the healthy herds treated by the combined 
serum and virus method was close to 2 per cent, and if two herds were ex- 
cluded, in which the administration was not strictly according to our directions, 
the percentage of loss after treatment would be very much less. To my mind 
these two columns of figures speak volumes in favor of the treatment and also 
emphasize the im[)ortance of careful supervision of This \A'ork in the field. 
You will notice also that the results of the serum alone and the serum-and- 
virus method in diseased herds show a loss following the use of the serum-virus 
method, which is much smaller than by the sei'um-alone method. 

I am taking the liberty to inclose a report made by Dr. Dorset, in Chicago, 
in regard to the work that is being done in the States of Indiana. Missouri, and 
Iowa. No doubt Dr. Dorset could give you additional valuable information. 

Again referring to the inclosed table, I wish to call attention to the fact that 
only 161 per cent, including sick hogs, were lost in diseased herds following 
application of the treatment. I believe that it is safe to estimate that without 
the treatment the losses in these same herds would have amounted to at least 
between SO and 90 i)er cent, as the disease has been very virulent this year. 

You may be interested to know that I am making arrangements with the 
State agricultural department to gather figures in regard to the prevalence of 
hog cholera in the State this year, and the number of animals lost. I am sorry 
that we do not have these figures available at the present time. In addition to 
this, the college here is making a canvass of the losses in this State, and will 
i^ee that ;• copy giving the I'esults of this canvass is sent you at an early date. 

If I can be of further assistance to you, I wish you would not hesitate to 
write me. 

Very truly, yours, 

C, H. Stance, 



[United Stataes Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry.] 

Regulations (Jovkkxinc the Prepakation, Sale. Bauter, Exchange, Shipment, 
and Importation of Viruses, Serums, Toxins, and Analogous Products 
Intended for Ise in the Treatment of Domestic Aimals. Effective July 
1, 1913. 

I'xtTED States Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Secretary, 
Washington, D. C. May 31, 1913. 
Under authority of the iict of Congress apiu-oved March 4. 1913, entitled "An 
act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 
ending June 30. 1914" (37 Stat., 832). the following regulations are hereby 
issued for the purpose of enforcing the pl■o^•isions of said act governing the 
preparation, sale, barter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, 
serums, toxins, and analogous pnvdncts intended for use in the treatment of 

39 



40 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

domestic animals. These regulations, which for the jjurpose of identification 
are designated as B. A. I. Order lOH, shall heconie and he effective on and after 
July 1, 1913. 

I). F. HoTTSTOff. 

Hccrriari/ of Afiriciiltiire. 

RE(U'L.\TION 1. 

For the puriiose of these regulatinns viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous 
products shall include all viruses, serums. to.\ius. and analogous products in- 
tended for u.se in the treatment of domestic animals. Among such analogous 
products are antitoxins, vaccines, tuberculins, nialleins, microorganisms, killed 
microorganisms, and products of microorganism.-. 

REGT'L.XTION :.'. 

No person, firm, or corimration shall j)repare. scil, l)arter. or exchange in 
the District of Columbia or in any Territory of the Cnited States or in any 
place under the .iurisdiction of the T"nite<l 8fat(;s or shij) or deliver for shipment 
from one State or Territorv or the Districi of Columbia to any other State or 
Territory or the District of Columbia an,v virus, serum, toxin, or analogous 
product manufactured within the United States unless and until the .said virus, 
serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been i)repared at an e.stablishment 
holding an unsuspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of 
Agriculture. 

REGUI.ATJON ■^. 

Bach establishment in the United States at which any virus, serum, toxin, 
or analogous product is prepared shall make application in writing to the Sec- 
retary of Agriculture for a license. When one proprietor conducts more than 
one establishment a separate application shall be made for a license for each 
establishment. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request 
addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. 

REGILATION 4. 

Section 1. A license will not be issued unless the condition of the establish- 
ment and the methods of preparation are such as reasonably to insure that the 
product will accomplish the objects for which it is intended, and that such 
product is not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or liarmful. 

Sec. 2. A license will be i.ssued only after inspection of the establishment by 
a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
has shown that the condition and equipment of the establishment and the 
methods of preparation are in conformity with these regulation.s. 

REGULATION 5. 

Section 1. Each license shall termin.-ite at the end of the calendar year 
during which it is issued. 

Sec. 2. A license shall be reissued only after inspection of the establishment 
by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry. 

Sec. 3. A license will not be issued for the preparation of any viru.s, serum, 
toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or deceive the pur- 
chaser or if the package or container in which the same is intended to be sold, 
bartered, exchanged, or shipijed bears or contains any statement, design, or 
device which is false or misleading in any particular. 

REGULATION 6. 

Licenses shall be in the following form : 

United States Veterinary Licen.se No. — . 

Washington, D. C, , 19—. 

This is to certify that, pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved 
March 4, 1913 (37 Stat.. 832), governing the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, 
shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products 



REMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 41 

intended for use in tlie treatment of domestic animals, is hereby 

licensed to maintain at — Street, city or town of , State of , 

an establishment for the preparation of — during the calendar year 19 — . 

This license is subject to suspension or revocation if the licensee violates or 
fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the 
regulations made thereunder. 

[L. s.] ■ , 



Countersigned 



Secretary of Agriculture. 



Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. 

REGtILATION 7. 

Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod- 
uct prepared, sold, bartered, exchanged, shipped, or delivered for shipment shall 
bear the true name of the product and the license number assigned by the de- 
partment, in the following manner: " U. S. Veterinary License No. — ," or an 
abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Sec. 2. Bach separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product 
shall bear a serial number affixed by the licensee for identification of the prod- 
uct with the records of preparation thereof. Each container shall also bear the 
" return date." 

REGULATION S. 

A license will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appeal's that the construction 
of the establishment licensed is defective, or if the establishment is improperly 
conducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are faulty, or if the products con- 
tain impurities or lack potency; (3) if the products are advertised or labeled so 
as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the license is 
used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, bartei'. exchange, or shipment 
of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or 
analogous product; or (5) if the licensee violates or fails to comply with any 
provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made there- 
under. 

REGULATION 9. 

Section 1. Each importer of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product 
shall make application in writing to the Secretary of Agriculture for a permit. 
The application shall specify the port or poi-ts of entry at \A'hifh the imported 
articles will be cleared through the customs. Illank forms of application will 
be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Wash- 
ington, D. O. 

Sec. 2. Each apjilication for a permit shall be accompanied by the affidavit 
of the actual manufacturer, produced before an American consular officer, stat- 
ing that the virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product mentioned is not worth- 
less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful; whether the product was derived 
from animals; and if so derived, that such animals have not been exposed to 
any infectious or contagious disease, except as may be essential in the prepa- 
ration of the product and as specified in the affidavit. 

Sec 3. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied by the written 
consent of the actual manufacturer that properly accredited officers, agents, and 
employees of the Department of Agriculture shall have the privilege of inspect- 
ing, without previous notification, all parts of the establishment at which such 
virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared, and all processes of 
preparation of such products, at such times as may be demanded by the afore- 
said officers, agents, or employees. • 

Sec. 4. Each permit shall terminate at the end of the calendar ye;;r during 
which it is issued. 

REGULATION 10. 

Permits shall be in the following form ; 

United States Veterinary Permit No. — . 

Washington, D. C, , 19 — ■. 

This is to certify that pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved 
March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832), governing the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, 



42 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products 

intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, , of , State of 

— , is hereby authorized, so far as the .nirisdiction of the Department of 

Agriculture is concerned, to import -, manufactured by , of 



into the United States through the port of — ■ during the calendar year 19—. 

This permit is subject to suspension or revocation if the permittee violates or 
fails to comply with any provision of the said act approved March 4, 1913, or of 
the regulations made thereundei*. 

[L. S.] , 

Secretary of Agriculture. 
Coimtersigned : 



Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry shall give prompt notice of the issue of each 
permit to collectors of customs at the ports of entry named therein. 

REGULATION 11. 

Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod- 
uct imported shall bear the true name of the product and the permit number 
assigned by the department, in the following manner: " U. S. Veterinary Permit 
No. ." or an abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry. 

Sec. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product 
imported shall bear a serial number afhxed by the manufacturer for identifica- 
tion of the product, with the records of preparation thereof. Each container 
shall also bear the " return date." 

Sec 3. A permit will not be issued for the importation of any virus, serum, 
toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or deceive the pur- 
chaser or if the package or container in which the same is intended to be sold, 
bartered, exchanged, shipped, or imported bears or contains any statement, 
design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular. 

REGULATION 12. 

Permits will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that the construction of 
the establishment in which the products are prepared is defective or if the 
establishment is improperly conducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are 
faulty or if the products contain impurities or lack potency; (3) if the prod- 
ucts are advertised or labeled so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any 
particular; (4) if the permit is used to facilitate or effect the importation of 
any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or 
analogous product; or (5) if the permittee violates or fails to comply with any 
provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made there- 
under. 

REGULATION 1.'.. 

Any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture, duly author- 
ized for the jnirpose, shall be permitted to enter any establishment licensed 
under these regulations at any hour during the daytime or nighttime, and such 
duly authorized officer, agent, or employee shall be permitted to inspect, with- 
out previous notification, the entire premises of the establishment, including 
all compartments and- buildings, and all equipment, such as chemicals, in- 
struments, apparatus, etc., as well as the methods used in the preparation, 
handling, and distribution of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product. 

REGULATION 14. 

No grinding or mixing machinery, molds, instruments, tables, or other aiv 
paratus which come in contact with virulent or attenuated microorganisms or 
toxins shall be used in the preparation of other forms of biological products. 

REGULATION 1.5. 

All equipment, containers, machinery, instruments, and other apparatus used 
in the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be 
thoroughly stei-ilized before use by live steam at a temperature of at least 120 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 43 

degrees Centigrade for uot less than half an hour or exposed to dry heat of at 
least 160 degrees Centigrade for at least one hour. If for any "reason such 
sterilization can not be applied, then a process knoT\Ti to be equally efficacious 
in destroying microorganisms and their spores may be substituted. 

REGULATION IC. 

Permanent detailed records of the methods of preparation of viruses, serums, 
toxins, and analogous products, including sources of bacterial cultures or viruses 
used, virulence of such cultures or viruses, methods of testing the purity and 
potency of the product, together with the methods of preservation, shall be 
kept by each licensed establishment. 

BEGITLATION 17. 

Section 1. The stables or other premises usetl for experiment animals in the 
production or testing of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be 
properly ventilated and lighted, appropriately drained and guttered, and kept 
tn good sanitary condition. Animals infected with or exposed to any infectious, 
contagious, or communicable disease shall be proiierly segregated, and all 
instruments, containers, and other apparatus shall be thoroughly cleaned and 
sterilized before use. Establishments shall be so located as to avoid the spread 
of disease, and suitable arrangements shall be made for the disposal of all 
refuse. 

Sec. 2. Viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be prepared, 
handled, and distributed with due sanitary precautions. 

regulation is. 

When the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products has 
been completed, said products shall be stored in a cold chamber or refrigerator 
lor preservation until such time as they are removed from the premises. All 
dealers in the District of Columbia or any Territory or any place under the 
jurisdiction of the United States shall keep such products under refrigeration 
until sold or otherwise disjwsed of. 

regulation 19. 

Section 1. Samples of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall 
be collected by authorized officers, agents, or employees of the Department of 
Agriculture. 

Sec. 2. Samples may be purchased in the open market, and the marks, brands, 
or tags upon the package or wrapper thereof shall be noted. The collector shall 
note the names of the vendor and the agent of the vendor who made the sale, 
together with the date of purchase. The collector shall purchase representative 
samples. 

Sec 3. All samples or parts of samples shall be sealed by the collector and 
marked with identifying marks. 

regulation 20. 

The immunity unit for measuring the strength of tetanus antitoxins shall be 
10 times the least quantity of antitetanic serum necessary to save the life of a 
350-gram guinea pig for 96 hours against the official test dose of the standard 
toxin furnished by the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health 
Service. 

The number of immunity units recommended for the prevention of tetanus in 
a horse shall be at least 500 units. 

regulation 21. 

Section 1. Licenses or permits may be suspended or revoked after opportunity 
for hearing has been granted to the licensee or importer at times and places 
designated by the Secretary of Agriculture. All hearings shall be private and 
confined to questions of fact. The parties interested may appear in person or 
by attorney, and may submit oral or written evidence on the questions of fact 
involved. 



44 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

Sec. 2. If, after opportunity for hearing has been granted, it appears that a 
licensee or permittee has violated or failed to comply with any provision of 
said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder, the 
license or permit may be suspended or revoked. 

LAW UNDER WHICH THE FOREGOING REGULATIONS ARE MADE. 

lExtract from "An act makir.? appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914," approved Mar. 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832).] 

That from and after July 1, 1913, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, 
or corporation to prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia, 
or in the Territories, or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, 
or to ship or deliver for shipment from one State oi- Territory, or the District 
of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, any 
worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analo- 
gous product intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and no per- 
son, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter, exchange, or shi]> as afore- 
said any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the 
United States and intended for use in the treatment of domestic :inimals, unless 
and until the said virus, sei'um, toxin, or analogous product shall have been 
prepared, under and in compliance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary 
of Agriculture, at an establishment holding an unsuspended and unrevoked 
"license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture as hereinafter authorized. That 
the importation into the United States, without a i)ermit from the Secretary 
of Agriculture, of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the 
treatment of domestic animals, and the importation of any worthless, con- 
taminated, dangerous, or harmful vii-us, serum, toxin, or analogous product 
for use in the treatment of domestic animals, are hereby prohibited. The Sec- 
I'etary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to cause the Bureau of Animal Indus- 
try to examine and insiiect all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, 
for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are being imported or 
offered for importation into the United States, to determine whether such 
viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products are worth'ess, contaminated, 
dangerous, or harmful, and if it shall appear that any such virus, serum, toxin, 
•or analogous product, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is worth- 
less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, the same shall be denied entry and 
shall be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner or importer. That 
the Secretary of Agriculture be, and hereby is, authorized to make and pro- 
mulgate from time to time such rules and regulations as may be necessary to 
prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid of 
any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or 
analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and to issue, 
suspend, and revoke licenses for the maintenance of establishments for the 
preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the 
treatment of domestic animals, intended for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment 
as aforesaid. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to issue i^r- 
mits for the importation into the United States of viruses, serums, toxins, and 
analogous products for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are 
not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. All licenses issued under 
authority of this act to estal)lishments where such viruses, serums, toxins, or 
analogous products are prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as 
aforesaid, shall be issued on condition that the licensee shrdl permit the in- 
spection of such establishments and of such products and their preparation; 
and the Secretary of Agi-iculture may suspend or revoke any permit or license 
issue<l under authority of this act. after opportunity for hearing has been granted 
the licensee or impoiter, when the Secretary of Agriculture is satisfied that such 
license or permit is being used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, 
barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, or the importation into the United 
States of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, 
toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals. 
That any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture duly 
authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purpose may, at any hour 
during the daytime or nighttime, enter and inspect any establishment licensed 
under this act where any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the 
treatment of domestic animals is prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or ship- 
ment as aforesaid. That any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLEBA. 45 

any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not exceeding $1,000 or by im- 
prisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in 
the discrimination of the court. 



Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Secretary, 
WusMntiton, D. C, Decemher 16, 1913. 
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, United States Soiote. 

Dear Senator Kenyon : I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of De- 
cember 6. 1913, in which you suggest the preparation by some of the experts in 
the department of a pamphlet of instructions to farmers relating to hog cholera. 
It is believed that good results will be accomplished by issuing a seitarate 
publication dealing especially with methods of preventing the spread of hog 
cholera, and we have had in mind for some time the issuance of a pamphlet of 
this nature. The work of preparing the pamphlet will be begun immediately, 
and it is expected that it will be ready for distribution in the course of a month 
or so. 

We now have a Farmers' Bulletin whicli deals with the subject of hog cholera 
in a popular way, a copy of which I am inclosing herewith. 
Very truly, yours, 

B. T. Galloway, 
Acting Secretary. 



First National Bank, 
Davenport, Iowa, October 28, 1913. 
Hon. William S. Keny'On, 

United States Senate, Washinytun, D. C. 
Ml' Dear Senator: We are very much pleased to learn that you are going to^ 
press consideration of the question of Federal cooperation in the stamping out 
of hog cholera. The losses from this disease in this section have been very great 
this fall, and yet the.y would have been vastly greater but for the serum we were 
able to obtain. When serum could be had the herds were saved in large part. 
Our greatest trouble was not obtaining the serum. The details of this are more 
fully set forth in the inclosed memorandum prepared by G. R. Bliss, our county 
agriculturist. Our Scott County organization recently issued the inclosed bul- 
letin on this subject, and I am sure you will be interested in the good that 
was done with the serum treatment. 

I thank you for what you say regarding my testimony before the Banking and 
Currency Conmiittee. This appears in part 27 of the printed hearings, and the 
amendments suggested at that time have been practically unanimously approved 
by the " country " na.tioual banks in Iowa. 
With kindest regards, we are, 
Very truly, yours. 

A. F. Dawson, President. 



Davenport, Iowa. October 27, 1913. 
Hon. A. F. Dawson, Davenport, Iowa. 

Dear Mr. Dawson : I was much interested in the letter which you showed 
me from Senator Kenyon to the effect that he will introduce a bill calling for 
an appropriation of $1,000,000 to fight hog cholera. 

We have been seriously handicapped here all season by our inability to secure 
reliable serum. On several occasions I have hod men with sick herds waiting 
on me as long as four or five days at a time, and I know positively many herds 
which could have been saved had we had good serum to give them when their 
owners first applied for it. 

The whole problem of the treatment of iiigs for cholera is an uncertain one 
and will be more or less unsatisfactory as fong as we have to depend on private 
concerns for the supply of serum, due to the fact that the temptation to put it 
on the market even though a little weak and get the money from it is likely^ 
to prove stronger than human nature on the average can stand. 



46 KEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLERA. 

We liave a good law in this State at the present time in regard to the strength 
and cleanliness of serum, but it is nearly impossible to enforce this law and 
convict firms guilty of selling weak serum because it is so difficult to prove that 
the serum was weak at the time it was sent from the factory. Another pro- 
vision of the law, which is an excellent one, requires that serum be sent directly 
to the farmer who is going to have his hogs treated, who will pay for it at the 
express office when he takes it away. This law prevents overcharging to a 
large extent on the part of the veterinarian and takes the handling of the serum 
entirely out of his hands. This provision, however, it has been impossible to 
enforce this season because of the fact that an oi'der put in for serum one 
day with any of our private firms would simply mean a telegram stating that it 
could not be sent at any time within three or four weeks. Hence it was abso- 
lutely necessary, in order to treat sick hogs when they should be treated, for a 
veterinarian to have a supply of serum on hand ready for immediate action. 

Just as soon as the State or the United States Government can furnish reli- 
able serum at a moderate cost to every farmer immediately upon his demand 
the hog-cholera problem will very largely be solved. We will not have these 
bad results to record and it will then be comparatively easy to convince men 
of the value of the serum treatment. 

While the State of Iowa, through the serum laboratory, has done excellent 
work this season and put out a large amount of serum, it has been utterly un- 
able to cope with the situation, and the amount of serum put out has been 
iibsolutely insignificant as compared with the amount needed in the State. To 
my knowMTge there has been no time since the serum laboratory was estab- 
lished that one could secure serum within three to four weeks after ordering. 

I wish to express myself as very strongly in favor of this bill which Senator 
Kenyon proposes to introduce. I think it is deplorable that the State of Iowa 
has not taken more vigorous action in the past to prevent the enormous losses 
which have been sustained. Each year during the past three these losses have 
aggregated millions of dollars, and could have been very largely prevented if we 
had been able to secure an adequate supply of reliable serum. 
Sincerely, yours, 

G. R. Bliss, 
Agent United States Department of Agriculture 

and County Agriculturist. 

Better Farms — Better Crops — Better Homes — Scott County Farm Improve- 
ment League — United States Depaetment of Agriculture, Iowa State 
College, and Scott County Farm Improvement League Cooperating — G. R. 
Bliss, County Agriculturist. 

report on serum for hog cholera. 

The serum treatment icill save your hogs — We offer three lines of proof. 

First. The United States Department of Agriculture and practically every 
State in the Union has declared its value by the appropriations of Congress and 
the State legislatures, and by the bulletins of the various State agricultural and 
experiment stations. 

Second. We have kept close watch on nearly 200 herds treated this season, 
the majority of which have been saved. Notwithstanding reports to the con- 
trary, results in general have been good, and we can take the farmer who doubts 
to herd after herd where the cholera has been checked with little loss. 

Third. We have placed well pigs which never had cholera but were given the 
double treatment in herds where cholera was raging and left them for several 
weeks without one of them becoming sick. 

Last fall one such pig was placed in the sick herd of Charles Kruse. On Janu- 
ary 1 three sueh pigs were taken from the lowana Farms and placed in the 
herds of J. T. Hansen, Walter Koch, and Rudolph Koch. About August 1 three 
such pigs were taken from the farm of C. W. Lau and placed in the herds of 
William Murray, Carl Schaefer, and Henry Herman. About September 1 one 
such pig was taken from the herd of Lewis Sticher and placed in that of William 
Haines. 

We have tested the serum treatment from every standpoint and found it to be 
the onl.\- sure preventive of the hog cholera. 

We want to emphasize the following points: 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLEEA. 



47 



1. Practically all the coutagious disease among hogs in Scott County is hog 
cholera in some of its forms, varying from the acute or quick form to the chronic 
or slow form. 

2. No cure for hog cholera has ever been found, and there is only one positive 
preventive — the serum treatment. 

3. Some farmers may thinli they know how to keep hog cholera from their 
premises for years by certain methods of feeding, breeding, disinfecting, or sani- 
tation, but we have seen dozens of such men finally overtaken by the disease. 
There is not any medicine or precaution of any kind, except the" serum treat- 
ment, which can be relied upon. The cholera germ is no respecter of pex'sons or 
methods. 



Losses in herds xohere hog-cholera specifics were used. 



Name. 



P. W.Coates 

Wm. Groth 

August Schroeder . 

Carl Martens 

Chas. Borchers 



Address. 



R.R. No. 2, M^alcott.... 
R.R.No. 1, Walcott.... 

do 

do 

R.R. No. 5, Davenport. 



Number 
in herd. 



25 
40 
44 
]08 
42 



Number 
saved. 



Manj- other so-called hog-cholera remetlies have been tried, with results 
equally disappointing. 

4. Hog cholera is no joke. The man who thinks he can let the disease run 
its course and save most of his hogs is generally doomed to disappointment. 
Natural and inherited immunity is all tliat will save him. He who saves over 
15 per cent is fortunate above the average. 

What cholera does ivhcn alloived to run its course. 
[Nearly all of these herds were fed some commercial feed or tonic] 



Name. Address. 


Number 
in herd. 


Number 
lost. 


William Murray R.R. No. 7, Davenport 


95 
60 

1.30 

138 
70 
58 
76 
80 

124 
90 
95 
80 
80 

120 
35 

102 


84 


Otto Gruenhagen do 


60 




129 


Frank Gillmor .. R. R. No. 1, Dixon. 


132 


J. H. Heuck R. R. No. 1, Walcott 


69 




55 


B.JT. Seaman i R. R. No. 7, Davenport 


71 


Louis Wunder . . j R. R. No. 1, Dixon 


76 


Claus Arp ' ' do 


42 


Carl Thodt R. R. No. 1, Walcott 


86 


John Underwood Princeton 


87 


Andrew Smaltz ' do 


62 


William Haines j do 


80 


Ed. Suebberkrebbe 2 1 R. R. No. 1, Walcott .. 


60 


Albert Stoltenberg R . R . No. 2, Walcott 


29 


John Bunge i R. R. No. 1, Walcott 


99 


8 j , 




Total 3 ' 


1,413 


1 201 







1 From immune sows. 



2 Mule foot hogs. 



3 85 per cent loss. 



5. In most cases a man does not realize how sick his pigs are at first and 
neglects treating them until it is too late. 

6. The success of the serum treatment depends upon the following factors: 
Strength and cleanliness of the serum, amount of disease in the herd, amount 
of natural immunity present, coolness of the weather, cleanliness of the prem- 
ises, kinds of feed given, etc. 

The three most important factors which determine life or death are all vari- 
able and almost impossible to control. They are the strength of the serum, the 
deadliness of the cholera germ, and the amount of natural or inherited immu- 
nity present. 

7. A pig sick with cholera needs clean quarters, no dust, plenty of cool, clean 
water, fresh slop or milk, good pasture (clover or alfalfa is best), and no corn. 



48 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



8. Tlie symptoms of cbrouic cholera are as follows: Loss of appetite, cough- 
ing, hard breathing, constipation, and disposition to lie in sheds in the early- 
stages. As the disease progresses the curl leaves the tail, the ears droop, the 
animal gets thin and weak, staggering as it walks, the eyeball is bloodshot and 
the eyelids often gunuue<i up so that the pig acts as though blind. Sometimes 
the head is held to one side. In the last stages the bowels are very loose and 
the excrement green and watery. 

Scrum in ivcll herds. 

The treatment of well herds has been attended with the largest success and 
the smallest losses. This is the method which should be used when cholera is 
in the neighborhood. If one is reasonably sure that he has reliable serum, 
either the double or simultaneous method should be adopted. The former is 
safer if one isn't sure of his serum, as there is always a danger of a loss from 
the simultaneous method. I. F. Gillmor lost 20 per cent by this method. 

This will undoubtedly be the chief method used in the future in combating 
hog cholera. It gives "immunity for life except when used in suckling pigs, 
wiien used on pigs whicli have been weaned for about a week it is much less 
expensive than where the pigs are nearly grown. 

The following 40 well-known farmers of Scott County have used this method 
on their herds, totaling 2.700 head, this season, with a total loss of only 39 pigs: 

Joseph Bowley, Charles Brockman, W. C. Daniels, Ernest Dengler, C H. 
Doud, George Fiihrenkrug, Edward Freund, Lewis Freund, I. F. Gillmor, F. G. 
Hauer, Frank Holland. Henry Horst, Detlef Ihms, lowana Farms, Roy Johnson, 
Warren Johnson, Henry Kinz, Henry Klindt, Charles Knouse, Charles Kreiter, 
John Kreiter, Charles Kruse. Henry Lage. A. H. Lamp. C. W. Lau, John iMcKliight, 
Julius Muhs, William :\Iyer. Orphans Home, H. L). Parmele, William Pieper, 
Chris Raabe. Carl Schiiekloth, Le Roy Schutter, W. D. Scott— only given single 
treatment; imnuuiity has run out— Lewis Stichter, R. A. Strong, Untiedt Bros., 
John Voss, Henry Wiose, Dietz Wriedt, Wiese Bros. 

Slightly affected herds — Single treatment given. 



Address. 



Num- 


Num- 


ber 


ber 


treated . 


lost. 


40 





84 


1 


54 


3 


29 


1 


80 


fi 


65 


55 


43 


2 


18 





.^8 


Hi 


37 


4 


25 





50 


12 


70 


4 


144 





70 


13 


22 


1 


50 





75 


10 


90 


10 


20 


1 


22 


11 


20 


3 


145 


27 


57 


1 


18 





97 





111 


3 


4 


1 


44 


1 



Serum used. 



Veterinarian. 



Adolph Arp 

Henry Arp 

Johannes Blake 

William Fahrenkro.^'. 

Gus. Friedericks 

Henry (loettsch 

Ciiris! Orell 

Gus Herring 

Fritz Hinrichs 

Henry Johannsen 

Herman Kiebs 

Henry ICi'eiter 

Albert Kroeger 

Herman Kroeger 

Herman Lamp 

Mrs. Rasmus Larson 



,Tolm McKnight. 

I'. J. Meinert 

Ed. Meyer 

H. T. Meyer.... 

.Tolm Meyer 

Henrv Moeller. 



R.R.No.S.Walcott.. 

R.R. No. I.Dixon 

R.R.No. l.Walcott.. 



R. R.No. l.Di.xon 

R. R. No. a, Davenport 

R.R. No. I.Dixon 

New Liberty 

R.R. No. 5. "Davenport 
R. R.Xo. 1, Walcott... 

Durant 

H. R. .\o. 4, Davenport 

R. R.Xo. I.Dixon 

Princeton 

R. R. No. 5. Davenport 
R. R. -N'o. 7, Davenport 



Princeton 

R. R. No. 1, Walcott. 

....do 

....do 

Stockton 

R.R. No. I.Dixon... 



Peter Nissen ! .Stockton 

Walter Petersen [ New Liberty. 



Otto Ruehberg i do 

William Schumacher I R. R. No. 1. Walcott. 
Peter Thomsen Princeton 



Johannes Wulf i Stockton. 

John Wuestenberg ..1 Donahue. 



Kansas State 

Kansas City 

Mulford's 

Mi3.souri Valley 

Kansas City 

Red Cross 

Kansas City 

Kansas State 

Red Cross 

Mulford's 

Kansas State 

Kansas City 

(ireeder's 

LStock yards and 

American. 

Red Cross 

Stock yards, Kansas 

City." 

do 

Red Cross 

do 

do 



Iowa State 

Stock yards and Kan- 
sas State. 

Stock yards, Kansas 
City." 

Kansas State 

Mulfard's 

Stock yards, Kansas 
City." 

Kansas State 

.-\meri,:'an 



Hell. 

Hasenmiller. 

Thompson. 

Hasenmiller. 

Do. 
HollingsAvorth. 
Hasenmiller. 
Hell. 

Hollingsworth. 
Hell. 

Do. 
Ha.senmiller. 

Do. 
Barber. 

Hollingsworth. 
Thompson. 

Barlier. 
Holliuiisworth. 

Do. 

Do. 

Thompson. 
Hell. 



Do. 

Do. 

Barber. 

Hell. 
Hasenmiller. 



Mr. Blake's herd was not sufficiently infected to hold its immunity. Several are now sick and 3 have 
died. Thev have been treated again. 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



49 



Herds quite sick — Single treatment given. 

[Should have been treated 3 or 4 days sooner.] 



Name. 



.VdJress. 



Num- 

l)er 
treated 



J. R. Bowley. . 
Ferd Baustian. 
Chas. Borchers. 
Albert Burgmann 
Wm. Claussen. . 
J. A. Fletcher.. 



Julius Gimm 

J. H. Hartmann. 



Henry Hoist... 
LouLS Klahn... 
H. L. Kroeger. 



Wm. Lillis 

Fritz Meinert 

John Meyer 

Frank Meyer 

Peter Mej'er 

Albert Oldenburg 
Lew Peitscher 



R. R. No. 1, Le 

Claire. 
R. R. No. 4, 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 5, 

Davenport. " 
....do 



R. R. No. 2, 

Davenport. 
Princeton 



Stockton.. 
Princeton . 



New Liberty. . . 
Stockton...".. .. 
R. R. No. 5, 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 7, 

Davenport. 
Eldridge 



R. R. No. 1, 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Dixon. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Walcott. 
R. R. No. 5, 

Davenport. 
Princeton 



Theo. Pickron 

Otto Prien 

Geo. Qiiinn 



Rudolph Reins. . 
J. G. Robertson. 



Wm. Roehlk. 



New Liberty. . . 
R. R. No. 3, 

Walcott. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Eldridge. 

Stockton 

Long Grove 



Albert Roehlk. . . . 
Carl Schaefer 

Wm. Schaefer 

Henry Schmidt... 

Otto Schmidt 

Schnekloth Bros.. 

Wm. Schnoor 

Henry Schult 



Herman Wiese. . . 
Hugo Wiese 



Rudolph Wiese. 



R. R. No. 1, 

Walcott. 

do 

R. R. No. 7, 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Dixon. 
Dixon 



R. R. No. 1, 

Eldridge. 

Donahue 

R. R. No. 1, 

Dixon. 

Stockton 

R. R. No. 5, 

Davenport. 
do 



80 
108 

10 
103 
130 

90 

19 

42 

14 

48 
25 

4(1 

33 

10 

34 

29 

34 

74 

45 
105 



00 
32 

71 

95 

103 

121 

00 
107 

23 
55 

54 



Num- 
ber 
lost. 



Num- 
ber 
not 
treated 



Num- 
ber 
lost. 



Serum used. 



Grecder's . 



Stock Yard s, 

Kansas City. 

Rod Cross 

Stock Yard s, 

Kansas City. 

Greeder's. ... .. 



Greeder's and 
American. 

Kansas State. . . 

Stock Yards, 
Kansas City. 

Kansas State... 

do 

Red Cro.ss 



Stock Yards . 



Stock Yards, 

Kansas City. 

Red Cross. . . " . . 



Kansas City 

do 

Iowa State 

Stock Yards, 
Kansas City. 

Kansas State". . . 

Stock Yards, 
Kan.sas City. 

Kansas City 



ICansns State.. . 

Stock Yards, 

Kansas Citv. 

....do "... 



....do 

Stock Yards... 



Mulford's. 
American. 



Stock Yards, 

Kansas City. 

Mulford's 



Missouri Valley. 
Interstate 



Kansas City. 
Red Cross. . . 



Stock Yards, 
Kansas City. 



Veterinarian. 



HoU. 

HasenmUler. 

HoUitigs worth. 

Thomp.son. 

Hell. 

Do. 

Do." 
Fulton. 

Hell. 

fDo. 
Kollingsworth 

Thomp.son. 

Hasenmillcr. 

Holllngsworth. 

Hasenmiller. 

Schroeder. 

Do. 

Fulton. 

Hell. 
Do. 

Hasenmiller. 

HeU. 
Hasenmiller. 



Do. 
Thompson. 

Do. 
Hell. 

Do. 

HesenmiUer. 

Do. 
HeU. 

Do. 

HoUingsworth. 

Thompson. 



In addition to those mentioaed above, 
Kuehl, W. E. Paul, James Porter, Louis 
but the results have not been reported. 

S. Doc. 489, 63-2 4 



Frank Friedriehs, Barney Gasseling, Rudolph Golinghorst, Hans 
Steinbeck, and several others have used serum on quite sick herds. 



50 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 



Herds very sick — Single treatment given. 

[Should have been treated 10 days sooner.] 



Name. 



Address. 



Num- 
ber 

treated. 



Num- 
ber 
lost. 



Num- 
ber 
not 
treated 



Num- 
ber 
lost. 



Serum used. 



Veterinarian. 



Victor Blyart 

A. E. Dannatt 

James Doimelly. . 

William Dubois. . 
George Frauen 

Otto Gruenhagen. 

Frank Gillmor 

Carl Hamann 

Ed. Helble 

Ed. Horst 

J. H. Heuck 

Chris. Jaegers 

Wm. Lilienthal... 
William Moeller. . 

H. Peckenschnei- 

der. 
Otto Prien 

Theo. Schroeder . . 



F. G. Wessel. 
Henry Tank.. 



R. R. No. 1; 

Dixon. 

Princeton 

R. R. No. 5 

Davenport. 

Princeton 

R. R. No. 3 

Walcott. 
R. R. No. 7 

Davenport. 
R. R. No. 1 

Dixon. 
R. R. No. 1 

Walcott. 
Princeton 



R. R. No. 5, 

Da%'enport. 
R. R. No. 1, 

Walcott. 

do 

Sunburv 

R. R.'No. 1, 

Dixon. 
R. R. No. 3, 

Walcott. 
do 

R. R. No. 1, 

Walcott. 

Long Grove 

R. R. No. 7, 

Davenport. 



23 

15 

106 

87 

18 

65 

46 

40 

40 

9 

22 
16 

58 

59 

165 

31 

77 
17 



126 




Stock yards, 
Kansas City. 

do 

do 

Huber's 

Mulford's 

Stock yards, 

Kansas City. 

do ■-.. 

Greeder's 

Stock yards, 

Kansas Citv. 

do "... 

do 

do 

North Western. 
Red Cross 

Greeder's 

Stock yards, 

Kansas City. 

Mulford's. . .". .. 

Interstate 

Stock yards, 
Kansas Citv. 



Hell. 

Fulton. 
Thompson. 

Barber. 
Hell. 

Hasenmiller. 

Do. 

Hell. 

Fulton. 

Thompson. 

Hell. 

Schroeder. 
Hell. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Hasenmiller. 
Thompson. 



In addition to those mentioned above, A. P. Arp, Dougherty Bros., Lewis Frauen, Ed. Grell, Fred Koberg, 
Henry Wartens, William Stutzcl, and several others have treated very sick herds, but no definite reports 
have yet been received. 

Note. —In all the above tables the name Hasenmiller refers to the firm of Hasenmiller & Schroeder, 
of Eldridge. 

AME.S, Iowa. Novcinber 25, 1913. 
Hon. William S. Kenyon. Washington. D. C. 

My Dear Senator Kenyon : I returned to Ames yesterday after an official 
absence in the East. It was my great misfortunte to be away from Ames when 
you called here, and to fail to find you in Washington before your return there. 
I am glad that you came to Ames, and hope you saw everything you were 
interested in, and I will be very glad to have you make any comments, sug- 
gestions, or criticisms to me of conditions as you found them. 

I was very nicely entertained by your Mr. Rankin and want to express my 
appreciation of his kindness. 

I wish I could have talked with you about the proposed legislation in the 
interest of hog-cholera eradication. It seems to me that if the United States 
Government is going into the business of producing hog-cholera serum, a very 
large amount of money will need to be provided. I am wondering if. with 
proper supervision, such as has been provided during the last year or so, and 
with enlargement of efforts in the States in the interest of serum manufacture, 
it will be necessary for the Government to undertake this phase of the work 
further than to give it a temporary impetus. 

But I have no doubt as to the advisa])ility of such demonstration or eradica- 
tion work as is being done in Dallas County and in selected counties in two or 
three other States. I believe the Government can afford to spend a large 
amount of money in showing the practicability of keeping a considerable area 
fi-ee from the disease. The mistake should not be made, however, as was done 
last year, of holding the new appropriations until July 1. The money ought 
to become available early in the spring before the disease begins to spread. 
One dollar then is worth several later. While the manufacture of serum is 
very important. I am inclined to think that, with the limited amount of money 



EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 51 

the Government may spend along this line, the demonstration and eradication 
work is of greater importance, provided the Government makes serum for its 
own work or can arrange to buy it from State or private plants. 
Very truly, yours, 

R. A. Peakson, President. 



Clarion, Iowa, Novem'ber 5, 1913. 
Senator W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C. 

Dear Senator: I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation to you 
for the bill you introduced, which will give aid to the farmers of the country 
hi combating hog cholera. This bill will provide ample funds for the employ- 
ment of county men to take the initiative in combating this dreaded disease. 

I began the work as county agent in Wright County June 1. Since then I 
have devoted my entire time to the treatment of hog cholera and the educa- 
tional work necessary to acquaint the farmers with facts concerning serum 
treatment. As a result of the work done in this country we have in the neigh- 
borhood of 20,000 hogs that have l)eeu successfully immunized against cholera. 
Had reliable, tested serum been available at all times, we could have saved at 
least 10,000 more hogs. 

The farmers of Wright County have supported this movement. Had I been 
able to enlist the services of four other men there would have been plenty of 
work for all combating hog cholera. I have had the cooperation of five graduate 
veterinarians, which has helped greatly in taking care of the urgent demands 
for assistance. 

The farmers of this county are financing this proposition without Government 
aid. I believe we have an application on file at Washington, D. C, for finan- 
cial aid, which we are promised'will be given as soon as funds are available. 

I am sending you, under separate cover, a circular published by our depart- 
ment. This circular gives an outline of the different lines of work we are 
promoting. 

Thanking you very much for the thoughtful effort you are putting forth for 
our great State of Iowa, I am. 
Yours, very truly, 

L. O. Wise, 
Wright County Adviser. 



College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 

Ames, Iowa, October 31, 1913. 
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C. 

My Dear Senator: Won't you kindly send me copy of your so-called hog- 
cholera bill, which I have seen mentioned several times in the papers? 

Probably you know that the work against hog cholera is making good 
progress in Dallas County. Chief hindrance seems to be that the Federal 
people do not have enough serum. We have now offered to assist them by 
giving preference to requests for serum from Dallas County when approved 
by the Federal representative. But we are obliged to charge a small price for 
this serum, as we have no provision for free distribution. Our new plant is 
making an excellent start, and the serum already sent out has done great good. 
We are increasing the output. 
Very truly, yours, 

R. A. Pearson, President. 



November 24, 1913. 
Hon. W. S. Kenyon. Washington. D. C. 

Dear Sir : Knowing th;it you are deeply interested in the hog-cholera situa- 
tion, as it stands now, and that you are trying to help the Government to solve 
the problem of combating this disease, and that you contemplate asking Con- 
gress to make a large appropriation to help in this matter, I am taking the 
fiberty to address you upon this subject, hoping that you will pardon me for 
making this intrusion upon your time and that you will consider my suggestions 
giVen in a spirit of honesty and for the purpose, if possible, to help you get at 
'facts. I send you. under separate cover, a little booklet containing a history of 
hog sickness back for half a century, a description of things I have seen and 



52 EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

learned in my researt-li against hog siclcness. Please do me the kindness to 
note carefully facts which I have set forth hi this little work. I have spent 
my own time and money when making these investigations, and not the money 
of any State or Government. I have done this in the interest of science and 
for the good of my profession. I know, Senator, that the diagnosis, as made of 
this disease by the staff of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is not correct, neither 
is their remedy, and seven years of work on this line of attack has proven it 
is all wrong; and I am prepared to show that the vaccination of hogs with this 
serum treatment has killed thousands of well hogs on f:irms where no sickness 
or losses had occurred before. My little booklet will explain all this. I say, 
my booklet sells for i^lMl It makes no difference to me whether I sell a copy 
or not, and I am giving away hundreds of them ; but I had it copyrighted, and 
in doing so I had to put a sale price upon it. Its object is to explain to hog 
raisers as to the cause and prevention of hog sickness. Now', in conclusion, 
Senator, let me say thousands of people, not in our own State ahme but in other 
States, are watching with great interest if you make the move on this matter 
in the right direction. And I think you ought to proceed carefidly. If you 
get an additional increase in the Government appropriation to help a lot of 
these fellows who are connected with the Bureau of Animal Industry to go on 
a few years more and bt)Ost this serum treatment and have a good time while 
at it. it will put thousands of good hog raisers out of business. The fact is, 
Senator, the Bureau of Animal Industry made a guess and made it wrong, but 
they can't back up now. They ought to call this bet otf and guess again. The 
swine breeders are going to organize and fight it to a man. If you can get an 
appropriation to put good, honest scientific men in the field to make careful 
research as to all the causes that are killing our hogs, and why the serum treat- 
ment has killed and is still killing thousands of well hogs, and tell our Govern- 
ment departments of these important facts, and educate the hog raisers to adopt 
the methods of sanitation, and all other helpful methods, as set forth in my 
booklet — to destroy worms and internal parasites and the importance of keep- 
ing them healthy .-ill the time, and use every means to prevent unhealthy condi- 
tions among their herds — the question is solved at once and this awful fatality 
and losses will stop. Thanking you for your interest in this matter :uid again 
asking your pardon for this intrusion, and hoping you may be guided right in 
your eflorts in this matter, I am 



Yours, respectfully. 



B. F. LowRY, V. S. 
December 17, 1913. 



Hon. W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C. 

Dear Senator: Pardon me for again intruding upon your valuable time. I 
know that you are a very busy man, but I am so thoroughly aroustnl over the 
situation as to the hog sickness in our own and in other neighboring States that 
I can not refrain from writing you again. Since I last wrote you and sent you 
my little booklet I have not been idle as to studying the conditions, more 
especially here in our own State. I have written to and received letters from 
reliable parties in nearly half the counties in our State, and I find the condi- 
tions appalling in the sections where most serum has been used. There the 
losses have been greatest, and I, as well as other veterinarians and large num- 
bers of hog raisers, are thoroughly convinced that the indiscriminate use of bad 
serum in the hands of young recently graduated veterinarians, who have settled 
in our State in the last two years, has been the means of spreading the disease 
into districts not before affected. Thus thousands of hogs have been made sick 
and disease has spread and multiplied until there is not a county in this State 
free from disease and death. 

Thousands of well hogs have been vaccinated and began to sicken and die 
immediately. This is no idle talk, Senator. I have the names and post-office 
addresses of good men who have told me of their losses of this kind, and I know 
it is true. In my own county one man had ISO well hogs vaccinated and in 12 
days 140 of them were dead. A neighlxn- had 79 well ones treated the same 
way and lost all but 12 in 14 days. This is only part of this kind of loss in this 
county. Around Keota hundreds have been killed the same way. In Dallas 
County a man near Grimes had IGO well hogs vaccinated by a man called a 
Government expert and with a serum O. K'd as the best they were using up 
there. The hogs were not sick. No sickness had been on his farm at any time 
previous. All but 5 died in a short time. In Mills County a man had nearly 



REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 53 

SOO treated. Nearly all of tliem died, and lie has brought suit against the 
veterinary who treated them and the firm tvoiu whom he obtained the serum. 
The case is now pending in the district court of JNIills County. The same thing 
occurred in Muscatine County, and the case is pending there. In one township 
in Muscatine County it is estimated that over .$oOO,000 worth of hogs have died 
after they were vaccinated and at least half of these were not sick, but were 
given the treatment as a preventive. Now, Senator, these are facts and are 
only a drop in the bucket to what I can tell you further. 

Now, what is the trouble? First, people who are manufacturing serum and 
those who are using and boosting it call everything cholera. All other ailments 
that are affecting hogs, such as worms, typhoid fever, pneumonia, and half a 
dozen other ailments, are not noticed by these people. The whole business has 
turned into a graft game and is causing millions of dollars of unnecessary loss 
and spread of disease. Why not? Almost every packing plant in the country 
is turning out this stuff. Even John Morrell & Co., of my own city, is now 
making it. Twenty-two concerns are making it around the packing plants of 
Kansas Citj', IS or 20 at Omaha, and so on. Senator Keuyon. I have spent my 
own money in obtaining these facts, not the money of the State or National 
Government, and I have plenty of facts. Novi^, I believe that, like myself, you 
mean right when you take the interest in this matter that you do, and for the 
salie of the hog raisers and for the sake of the honor of our own State, and 
your own honor, do not ask Congress to appropriate any more money to aid 
the serum graft. 

I believe the Bureau of Animal Industry meant right when they put this 
move into operation, l)ut tests have proven it to be a failure, and it is now 
beyond the control of State or Government. If there were any efficiency in it, 
we have no way to prove it now. The first thing that should be done is to stop 
the use of it entirely. If this is not done soon, the swine-raising industry will 
be ruined. I know you mean well and will do what is right, but it would be 
well to proceed cautiously. An appropriation of $1,000,000 to determine how to 
Ijrevent sickness in herds would be money well spent, even if it took that each 
year and we got the desired results. To appropriate money to help the serum 
treatment along is worse than pouring oil on a burning fire. If I were a rich 
man and wanted, to be a real philanthropist, I would spend $10,000 to stop the 
use of this stuff at once. Then get l)usy and show hog men that this disease 
can be stamped out. but not by serum methods. Besides thousands of hogs 
would and do get well of themselves if let alone when they get sick. Aud 
thousands of others can be cured with the use of right remedies in the hands 
of men competent to diagnose disease in sick hogs and use the remeilies indi- 
cated l>y the sickness to be treated. What I know about this disease I have 
learned by scientific research and at my own expense. 

Do not be infiuenced l)y a lot of wirepulling politicians who are holding posi- 
tions in our Government departments by the appointment method and not 
because of honesty or ability. All of such men will still do all they can to 
get you to assist tliem further in this useless, dangerous work. Hoping you will 
look deeply into this matter and will help to stop the use of serum at least 
long enough to get some control of its output aud use. and that your efforts in 
this present session of Congress will be such as will aid us to get at the proper 
way to make sick hogs well and keep well hogs from getting sick, and not to 
aid any further in the use of serum graft, aud again asking your pardon for 
further intruding upon your valuable time, I am. 

Yours, most sincerely, E. F. Lowey. 



Have Faith in SERt.»M — Wright County Farmers Who Lost Many Hogs is 
Epidemic not Discouraged — Believe Poor \'AcciNE Kesponsible for In- 
roads — Exercise of Herds Found to be Valuable Preventive — Old Days 
and New in Rural Edlkation Illlstrated — Splendid Farmers' Creamery 
at Clarion — Wilson's Rural Observations. 

[Spocial to Times-Republic.in.] 

Clarion, Januarn 13. 
Of the four hundred or so farmers living on the six rural mail routes from 
this town, the names of those who escaped a visitation of hog cholera last 
summer aiid fall might be enumerated on the fingers of two hands. Practically 



54 EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

every hog raiser had his experience with the disease. One man well posted ou 
the matter estimates that one-fourth the usual supply at this time of year is 
left as the result of disease aud close selling bi'ought about because of it. 
In the neighboring town of Woolstock, it is said, a buyer collected a carload for 
shipment, but instead of going to a packing plant every animal of the load 
found its way into the pork barrel of a local farmer. Nearly everyone who was 
able to get serum vaccinated his hogs. Nearly everyone who vaccinated be- 
lieves in the efficacy of the remedy, even though he lost most or all of his hogs, 
and it is a fact that the losses of hogs thus treated in the early part of the 
season were heavy. Failure of the treatment to save the animals is generally 
attributed to inexperience in the work and to untested serum. Late season 
work done by a trained man and with tested serum produced almost universally 
favorable results, and many who lost large numbers of their animals this year 
declare they will administer the double treatment to the next crop at weaning 
time, confident that immunity will result. 

It will not do. however, to state positively that it was vaccination that saved 
the hogs in every case. Several who did not employ the method at all were able 
to save a greater or smaller part of their herds. One of these, who found sick- 
ness in his yard, "vaccinated" the three or four afflicted porkers with an ax, 
and proceeded to doctor the remaining ones with a remedy that he heard was 
good, viz, red pepper. He fed up an even dollar's worth of the flery stuff, and 
up to last week he had not a sick hog on his place, a carload of tlie thriftiest 
kind of fellows being in his feed yards. Another man lost only 1 hog of a 
herd numbering about 90. A breeder of pure-bred hogs in another locality 
adopted a plan of his own. He made it a part of his chores to get out in the 
morning and "exercise" his hogs — ran them all over the pasture. At the same 
time he fenced off part of his cornfield and turned the hogs into it. He has 
just held a hog sale on his farm. Said one man: " I believe hog cholera might 
be prevented by keeping the stock in fresh yards aud pastures, changing them 
every year or so." One thing is certain : there has been a lot of thinking on this 
sub.iect of hog disease this year In this part of the country, and if next year's 
crop is lost it will not be because of carelessness or out-of-date methods on the 
part of the farmer. 

Compel Use of Serum — Col. French, of Davenport, Advocates Compulsory 
Inoculation of Hogs — Wants State to Equip Laboratory to Cost $250,000 — 
Swine Breeders, He Says. Should Be Compelled to Inoculate Every Pig 
When Old Enough — Believes Disease Could Thus Be Eradicated — Owns 
Herd of 1,000 and None Are Lost. 

Davenport, November 8. 
Farmers and veterinary surgeons who have studied the ravages of hog 
cholera in Iowa the past year estimate that the total loss will not be less than 
$15,000,000. and some place it as high as $25,000,000. 

Col. George W. French, of Davenport, proprietor of the lowana stock farm, 
urges a compulsory system of inoculation, which he thinks will in a few years 
banish the disease" from the State. He has l.OOU hogs, valued at $30,000. all of 
which have been inoculated with serum and not one has died from the disease. 
He wants the legislature to "appropriate $250,000 for the purpose of establishing 
a serum factory large enough to produce sufficient serum to supply all the 
farmers of Iowa. 

COMPULSORY inoculation. 

He would then have the legislature pass a law making it compulsory uix)n 
farmers to inoculate every hog in the State, following this up by inoculating 
every pig as soon as it is old enough. In three or four generations of hogs, he 
thinks, the disease would be stanipetl out. 

There has been much criticism of the last legislature because of the small 
amount appropriated to establish the serum factory at Ames. This plant pro- 
duces hardly enough serum to treat the hogs of one county, to say nothing of 
the rest of the State. 

KILL HOGS ONLY TO SAVE. 

Despite the fact that 30 hogs are being sacrificed weekly at the Minnesota 
Agricultural College in Minneapolis to produce serum that other hogs may be 
made immune from cholera, which is still in-evalent in western and southwestern 
counties of Minnesota, H. Preston Hoskins, assistant veterinarian, in charge 



KEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLEEA. 55 

of the serum department at the university farm, believes the loss to ^Minnesota 
farmers this year will be $5,000,000. He declared a large amount of the money 
would be spent for worthless metliciues. 

Enough serum can be obtained from one hog to inoculate 500 weighing 100 
pounds each. In getting the serum hogs immune from cholera are used. ^Ani- 
mals that have recovered from the disease or have been given the serum-virus 
treatment may be taken for the purpose. 

These are rendered hyperimmune by being treated with virus made from 
other hogs. The blood of the hyperimmune animal has been found to contain 
a large amount of the substance that protects animals from attacks of cholera. 
From this blood the serum is made and sent to hog owners in all parts of the 
State to protect exposed herds. 



Late Start Mars Hog-Cholera Tests, but Government Experiments at 
Adel Show Value of Work — Demand Is Growing — Farmers Taking More 
Interest and Are Aiding Experts. 

[By Edgar Markham, staff correspondent.] 

Adel, Iowa, October Ui. 

The first year's results in the Government experiment to determine whether 
hog cholera can be controlled will not be what was anticipated. But they 
will show that fully 80 peT cent of the hogs of diseased herds can be saved if 
given the serum treatment. They also will show that few hogs are killed by 
the simultaneous treatment, which is the one given to prevent the disease. 

The reason that tlie results of the experiment will not be entirely satisfac- 
tory is that the disease got ahead of the Government field corps which is work- 
ing under the direction of Dr. O. B. Hess. The appropriation made by Con- 
gress was not available until July 1. By that date hog cholera was prevalent 
in many communities. 

CHOLERA HAD GOOD START. 

When it was announced the experiment was to be made it was said that 
only the preventive treatment would be given. The purpose was to demon- 
strate that cholera can be controlled by the use of virus and serum, not that it 
can be cured by the use of serum. But so many hogs were infected that it 
was found necessary to help save the sick ones. 

Dr. James I. Gibson. State veterinarian, was in Dallas County to-day in con- 
ference with Dr. Hess. He is cooperating with tlie Government in the experi- 
ment. It is his duty to watch the sanitary end of the work. Quarantine regu- 
lations prevail on every f;irm where it is known that cholera exists or where 
the simultaneous treatment has been given. 

" I am well satisfied witli the results that are being obtained," Dr. Gibson 
said after spending a day in the field. " Dr. Hess and his assistants are doing 
their best to get the most out of the experiment. They certainly are doing a 
great thing for the farmers." 

farmers are cooperating. 

Ralph E. Joy, who is secretary of the county organization, reported to Dr. 
Gibson that the farmers are cooi)erntiug with the Government. There are a 
few stubborn ones who oppose the use of serum, but not many. 

"As an illustration of the interest the farmers are taking in the experiment, 
I might say that I am called over the telephone all hours of the day and night 
to send out field men to administer the serum," he said. "All I do is to try to 
gather data from the farmers that will help in the experiment. Letters have 
been sent to every farmer in tlie county." 

Close to 8,000 hogs have been treated by the Government field men. A 
majority of these were found to be diseased. From the reports prepared be- 
tween 35 and 20 per cent of the diseased hogs have died. Few of the others 
succumb to the treatment. 

requires but little time. 

The field men have been in idleness half of the time. Recently near Dawson 
457 hogs were treated in eight hours. The experts can administer serum to a 
hog a minute if they have the help needed. 



56 EEMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLEEA. 

At the home of W. H. Hathaway, 3 miles north of Reclfield, 97 hogs were 
given tlie treatment in less than two honrs. Twenty more were treated at the 
George Mnllins farm, which is near by. All this was done after 3 o'clock. 

Dr. Hess uses three assistants. The farmers are expected to furnish enough 
help to catch, hold, and prepare the hogs for treatment. Se^en men are needed. 

One of Dr. Hess's assistants takes the temperature of the hog. 

If it is below ]04°, the simultaneous treatment is given. Above that mark 
the hog is considered sick. He needs no virus. If the disease has not made too 
much progress the serum will cure him. 

TEMPERATITRE DETKRMINES AMOUNT. 

From the temperature of the hog Dr. Hess determines the amount of serum 
to be administered. The size of the animal also plays a big part in determining 
this. One assistant prepares the serum and virus for injection. The third 
assistant keeps the records. If the temperature of a hog is found to be more 
than 106° he is marked. This is done so that Dr. Hess may know whether 
many of those in the late stages of the disease are cured. 

An idea of the work Dr. Hess has before him can be gained when it is known 
that he this afternoon refused to promise a farmer he could get to his herd in 
time to do any good. M. T. Pairdekooper. who lives near Hathaway, reported 
sickness in a herd of 150 head. 

MUCH WORK AHEAD. 

" I might promise you, but I won't because I know I can not keep it," Dr. 
Hess said. He called attention to herds aggregating 2.000 head in which there 
is sickness. 

Dr. Hess advises the farmers to hire their hogs treated rather than to wait 
for the Government men. The expense is about $1 each. The Government 
makes no charge. Some of the farmers hesitate because one or two incompe- 
tent veterinarians have administered the treatment in the county. 

At their conference Dr. Gibson and Dr. Hess were unable to reach a conclu- 
sion as to what causes the disease to spread as rapidly as it does. Pairdekooper 
declared that no cholera had existed on his farm since he has lived there — for 
five years. Not a strange hog has been on the place during the summer. Two 
weeks ago, however, he drove a carload of hogs to market. Diseased hogs had 
been put in the stockyards. Dr. Hess said that Pairdekooper may have carried 
germs home on his clothes. 

Three farmers got cholera in their herds by hauling hogs to a shipping place 
where cholera was prevalent. The wagons and horses carried the germs to 
the swine pens, Dr. Hess said. 

Dr. Iless and Dr. Gibson are sui-e that by getting an early start in the spring 
they will be able to control hog cholera in Dallas County next summer. But 
they don't want to wait until they are put on the defensive before they start 
fighting. 



OFFICIALS TRY TO QUARANTINE SWINE — TOUR OF DALLAS COUNTY UNDERTAKEN BY 
GIBSON AND FEDERAL EXPERT. 

Perry, Iowa, October 2^/. 

Drastic measures to prevent the spread of hog cholera were adopted yester- 
day when several State officials started a tour of the county to place in quai'an- 
tine every herd of hogs exposed to cholera. 

Dr. James I. Gibson, State veterinarian: Dr. J. W. Bauman. of Bloomfield, 
member of the State animal health board: Dr. Hess, a Government expert in 
charge of the work in this county: and Henry Brady, member of the legislature, 
composed a party of men who left here this morning on a tour of the county. 

They are posting notices and doing everything possible to prevent the siiread 
of the disease. The quarantine notices read : 

" Parties having business on these premises must keep away from the hog 
lots. Parties occupying these premises are forbidden to go in or near their 
neighbors' hog lots." 

According to the State and Federal authorities. Dallas County has more hog 
cholera this year than ever before in its history. Federal aid was given some 



EEMEDIES FOE HOG CHOLEEA. 57 

time ago, raid Dr. Hess and bis assistants liave been worliing for weeks to pre- 
vent tbe disease. In many instances tbey bave been very successful, but in 
otbers tbey were notified too late to save tbe berds and confined tbeir efforts to 
rendering immune tbe bogs on tbe nelgbboring farms. 

Tbey bave been bandicapped by being unable to secure serum wben it was 
most needed, and conditions are sucb now tbat tbe most drastic measures are 
necessary to stamp out the disease. 



SERUM PLANT SATISFACTORY LEGISLATORS' ONLY REGRET IS THAT PLANT IS NOT 

LARGER. 

[Special to Times-Republican.] 

Des Moines, January 10. 

Members of tbe legislature bave been well pleased with the State bog-serum 
plant in operation at Ames as provided for by tbe legislature. Several members 
have taken occasion to visit it during tbe short-course period at tbe college. 

Speaker Cunningham, who was in tbe city yesterday, had just come from the 
college. "Tbe serum plant is all right." be said, "only we have got to make it 
very much larger in order to do the business. I never saw a plant where tbey 
have everything in sucb excellent condition. And tbey have the records, too, 
of every shipment and can show exactly what results were obtained in every 
case." 

Representatives Huntley, of Lucas, and Brady, of Dallas, also in tbe city 
this week, spoke in praise of tbe work being done. 

" I have made a thorough investigation of tbe serum plant at the college," 
said Senator Ames, of Tama, who led in tbe fight for its establishment. " The 
only mistake we made was in not giving enough money. Tbey should be able 
right now, at tbe dull time, to be making vast quantities of the serum to be 
kept for use when needed. It looks like tbe farmers will have to come to tbeir 
help by buying in advance and putting up tbe money. But it is a great institu- 
tion and everything simply perfect. I went through tbe laboratories at Kansas 
City, and in contrast tbat at Ames is a delight. I am absolutely sure of the 
value of tbe plant and tbe work being done." 



PROF. G. E. BLISS OX HOG CHOLERA IOWA AGRICULTURAL EXPERT ADVISES ILLINOIS 

FARMERS APPLIES UNIQUE METHODS WAGERS THAT HOGS PROPERLY TREATED 

WILL NOT GET CHOLERA FROM DISEASED ANIMALS. 

Monmouth, December 11. 
G. R. Bliss, county agricultural advisor of Scott County, Iowa, in which 
Davenport is located, is not a betting man, but he made a wager of $100 cold 
cash at tbe Mercer County Farmers" Institute meeting yesterday afternoon 
that if all tbe hogs of Mercer and Warren Counties were inoculated with fresh 
bog-cholera serum just after tbey are weaned, using tbe double treatment, that 
not one of the iiorkers would die. even though placed in a herd of diseased 
hogs. Mr. Bliss made the same bet with farmers of Scott County when cholera 
was killing off tbe bogs by the hundreds in tbat county a year ago, and he still 
retains possession of his original bank account — and more. 



Plan Suggested by the Burealt of Animal Industry for Demonstrating the 
Best Methods of Controlling Hog Cholera. 

method of procedxtre. 

I. Educational irork.—To be carried out jointly by Federal and State officials 
through lectures and demonstrations before farmers' clubs and special assem- 
blages. 

II. Restrictive ref/iiJations and quarantine. — Restrictive regulations should 
be issued by State authorities and enforced by State officers and United States 
employees deputized for tbe purpose. 



58 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 

III. Immunization with serum. — This work is to be under control of em- 
ployees of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and serum is to be administered 
at such places and in such manner as they may decide to be necessary. 

IV. Serum production.— Anti-hog-cholera serum sutfieient for the work to be 
prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry and furnished to the United States 
field inspectors upon request. 

ORGANIZATION. 

I. Administrative. — The general administration of the work to be under the 
general direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

II. United States Department of Agriculture.— (a) Field force. 

One supervising field inspector and adviser. The force in each State is to be 
an independent unit reporting direct to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry and is to consist of: 

One inspector in chai'ge. 

One or more veterinary inspectors and one clerk. 

(h) Laboratory force. 

One inspector in charge with the necessary scientific assistants, clerks, and 
laborers to prepare sufficient serum to supply the various field inspectors. 

III. Nondepartmental.— {a) State officials. 

As many trained employees as the State can furnish for field work and 
lectures. 

(&) Volunteer assistants. 

As many intelligent farmers as can be secured for general cooperation, to be 
chosen jointly by the United States field inspectors in charge and authorized 
State representatives. 

COOPERATION. 

Generally the following principles are to be observed : 

1. The preparation and application of serum will be under control of Federal 
officials. 

2. Necessary quarantine and other restrictive measui'es to be under control of 
the proper State officials. 

3. Educational work to be carried out jointly by Federal, State, and county 
representatives. 

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